Fumarate and its downstream signalling pathways in the cardiorenal system: Recent insights and novel expositions in the etiology of hypertension.

Hypertension, a risk factor for cardiorenal disease has a huge global health impact. Hence, there is a continuous search for new therapeutic targets and putative antihypertensive ligands. This search has transcended into the realm of mitochondrial metabolism which has been reported to underline the etiology of certain diseases, including hypertension.

Malate reduced blood pressure and exerted differential effects on renal hemodynamics; role of the nitric oxide system and renal epithelial sodium channels (EC).

Malate regulates blood pressure via nitric oxide production in salt-sensitive rats, a genetic model of hypertension. This study investigated the possible contributions of malate to blood pressure regulation and renal haemodynamics in normotensive rats. Malate (0.

Fumarate exerted an antihypertensive effect and reduced kidney injury molecule (KIM)-1 expression in deoxycorticosterone acetate-salt hypertension.

The tricarboxylic (TCA) acid cycle provides the energy needed for regulatory functions in the cardio-renal system. Recently, a genetic defect in the TCA cycle enzyme, fumarase hydratase, altered L-arginine metabolism and exacerbated hypertension in salt-sensitive rats. This study evaluated the effect of fumarate and its possible link to L-arginine metabolism in deoxycorticosterone (DOCA)-salt hypertension, a non-genetic model of hypertension.

Antinociceptive and antioxidant activities of Hunteria umbellata stem bark: possible role of the serotonergic, opioidergic and dopaminergic pathways.

Background Hunteria umbellata (HU) (K. Schum) is used in ethnomedicine for the management of pain, diabetes mellitus and dysmenorrhoea. This study evaluated the analgesic and antioxidant activities of aqueous extract of HU stem bark and the possible mechanism(s) of action.