Prevalence of AZFс Y chromosome microdeletions and association with spermatogenesis in Russian men from the general population.

The Y chromosome contains a set of genes with testis-specific expression that are responsible for the development of testes and spermatogenesis, and it is the most important target in the search for genetic causes of male infertility. Most of these genes are located in the "azoospermia factor" AZF locus (regions AZFa, AZFb, and AZFc) on the long arm of the Y chromosome. Microdeletions of the Y chromosome, leading to the removal of the entire AZF locus as well as one or more regions (complete deletions), are one of the leading causes of spermatogenesis impairment and infertility.

Associations of CAG repeat polymorphism in the androgen receptor gene with steroid hormone levels and anthropometrics among men: the role of the ethnic factor.

Androgens are required for stimulation and maintenance of skeletal growth and bone homeostasis. Physiological functions of androgens are mediated through the androgen receptor (AR). The androgen receptor gene AR has a polymorphic trinucleotide CAG repeat and the length of AR CAG repeats determining the sensitivity of bone tissue to androgens is associated with skeleton formation and body proportions.

[Clinical cases of microscopic colitis: Diagnosis and treatment issues. Case report].

Currently, there is an increase in the incidence of microscopic colitis. There are difficulties in diagnosing this disease due to the variability of histological signs, variability of morphological changes in the mucous membrane of the colon in different parts of the colon, and the combination in one patient of not only various forms of microscopic colitis, but also other intestinal diseases. The article describes the differential diagnosis, an example of its staging and successful treatment of various forms of microscopic colitis with budesonide (two clinical cases presented).

Association of Overweight and Obesity with Semen Parameters and Metabolic and Hormonal Status in Young Men.

We evaluated possible associations of overweight and obesity with semen parameters, sperm DNA fragmentation (SDF), and different indicators of metabolic and hormonal status in young men (n=226, mean age 22.5 years). Overweight and obese men were found to have a significant deterioration of metabolic health, reduced total sperm count and concentration, serum testosterone, and inhibin B levels, and increased serum leptin and seminal zinc levels in comparison with men with normal weight, although sperm DNA fragmentation, motility, and morphology did not change.

Effects of cigarette smoking on semen quality, reproductive hormone levels, metabolic profile, zinc and sperm DNA fragmentation in men: results from a population-based study.

Background: Cigarette smoking seems to have a negative impact on men's reproductive health, but our knowledge of its effects on the reproductive function of Russian men is still very limited. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of cigarette smoking on semen quality, including sperm DNA fragmentation, hormonal, zinc and metabolic status in young men from the general multi-ethnic Russian population (n=1,222, median age 23 years) and to find out the ethno-specific effects of smoking by comparing male groups of different ethnicity.

Methods: Each participant filled out a standardized questionnaire, provided one blood and semen sample.

Age-Related Changes in Sperm Morphology and Analysis of Multiple Sperm Defects.

Background: Analysis of sperm morphology defects (amorphous heads, abnormal acrosome, etc.) is useful for estimating the efficiency of spermiogenesis and sperm maturation. An advanced paternal age (more than 40 years) is associated with decreasing sperm count and reduced motility; however, there is little information on the effect of aging relating to sperm morphological defects.

Steroid Hormones in Seminal Plasma: the Relationship with Sperm Quality.

The purpose of this study was to find out whether the seminal testosterone and/or estradiol levels could serve as prognostic criteria for normal spermatogenesis and whether they are able to characterize the sperm pathology. The study involved healthy young male volunteers (n=269); serum and seminal steroid hormones were measured; the sperm concentration, mobility, and morphology were evaluated. The results indicate that the seminal testosterone concentration is lower (p<0.

[A relationship between zinc and anthropometric and metabolic indicators of obesity in the population of young russian men].

Trace elements are important factors in human health. Zinc, an essential trace element, is necessary for normal functioning of many body systems where it plays an important role in metabolism. Obesity is accompanied by various metabolic pathologies provoking the development of dyslipidaemia, metabolic syndrome, type 2 diabetes mellitus, arterial hypertension, cardiovascular diseases and cancer.

[Pages from the history of therapeutic schools of the Central Institute for Improvement of Doctors - Russian Medical Academy of Continuous Professional Education].

In the 1930s, therapeutic scientific and pedagogical schools were formed at the Central Institute for Advanced Training of Physicians: Cardiology School of prof. Dmitry D. Pletnev, School of Clinical Hematology and Emergency Care of prof.

[Erosive and ulcerative lesions of the digestive tract: optimization of diagnosis and management tactics].

Erosive and ulcerative lesions of the digestive tract are one of the most pressing problems in the clinic of internal diseases due to the extremely widespread prevalence, the presence of severe complications, often fatal, diagnostic difficulties due to the presence of a large number of asymptomatic pathologies and difficulties in the rational choice of therapy. Particularly noteworthy is the data that during the global pandemic of Covid-19 infection, it is capable, quite often, of causing the development of erosive and ulcerative lesions of the gastrointestinal tract. In this regard, it seems important to use drugs that can not only prevent the occurrence of erosive and ulcerative lesions and strictures throughout the gastrointestinal tract, but also effectively achieve epithelialization of injuries to the mucous membrane of the oral cavity, esophagus, stomach, small and large intestine.

Androgen Receptor Gene CAG Repeat Length Varies and Affects Semen Quality in an Ethnic-Specific Fashion in Young Men from Russia.

Male infertility is a multi-factorial and multi-genetic disorder, and the prevalence of male infertility in the world is estimated at 5-35%. The search for the causes of male infertility allowed for identifying a number of genetic factors including a single X-linked gene of the androgen receptor (), and some of its alleles are assumed to negatively affect male fertility. Our aim was (1) to study the variability of the length of CAG repeats of the gene and possible associations in the CAG genetic variants with semen quality and reproductive hormone levels in a population-based cohort of men and (2) to estimate distributions of CAG repeat alleles and associations with semen parameters in different ethnic subgroups.

A bioinformatic search for correspondence between differentially expressed genes of domestic versus wild animals and orthologous human genes altering reproductive potential.

One of the greatest achievements of genetics in the 20th century is D.K. Belyaev's discovery of destabilizing selection during the domestication of animals and that this selection affects only gene expression regulation (not gene structure) and inf luences systems of neuroendocrine control of ontogenesis in a stressful environment.

[An influence of zinc on male infertility].

Trace elements play an important role in human health. They are involved in growth, development, reproduction, and other physiological functions. Among them, special attention is paid to zinc, which is an essential trace element required for the normal functioning of many organ systems.

Impaired semen quality, an increase of sperm morphological defects and DNA fragmentation associated with environmental pollution in urban population of young men from Western Siberia, Russia.

Poor sperm morphology and an elevated DNA fragmentation level are considered to be related to spermiogenesis malfunctions as a result of genetic mutations and effects of environmental factors, including industrial pollution. Standardized cross-sectional population studies of sperm morphology defects and sperm DNA fragmentation, especially in regions with increased environmental pollution may be helpful to investigate an influence of industrial pollution and other population-related factors on spermiogenesis process. The aim of present study was to estimate an influence industrial pollution on sperm morphogenesis and sperm DNA fragmentation in men from the general population of the Western Siberia.

Impact of seminal and serum zinc on semen quality and hormonal status: A population-based cohort study of Russian young men.

Background: Trace elements are important factors in human reproductive health. Among them, special attention is paid to zinc, which is an essential trace element and is necessary for the normal functioning of the male reproductive system and the process of spermatogenesis. The aim of the study was to investigate the association between seminal and serum zinc concentrations and semen quality and reproductive hormone levels in population of Russian young men.

A Catalog of Human Genes Associated With Pathozoospermia and Functional Characteristics of These Genes.

Genetic causes of the global decline in male fertility are among the hot spots of scientific research in reproductive genetics. The most common way to evaluate male fertility in clinical trials is to determine semen quality. Lower semen quality is very often accompanied by subfertility or infertility, occurs in many diseases and can be caused by many factors, including genetic ones.

Whole-Exome Sequencing Analysis of Human Semen Quality in Russian Multiethnic Population.

The global trend toward the reduction of human spermatogenic function observed in many countries, including Russia, raised the problem of extensive screening and monitoring of male fertility and elucidation of its genetic and ethnic mechanisms. Recently, whole-exome sequencing (WES) was developed as a powerful tool for genetic analysis of complex traits. We present here the first Russian WES study for identification of new genes associated with semen quality.

[Significance of platelets in inflammatory and thrombotic reactions in the elderly.].

The development of thrombotic reactions that lead to undesirable clinical consequences in the elderly is known in many diseases, including pathology of the cardiovascular system. Today, data on the severity of changes in the hemostatic system in patients with a new coronavirus infection (COVID-19) and the study of platelet and plasma levels are being accumulated. In order to understand some of the mechanisms associated with platelet pathology, we present a review that summarizes information about the pathophysiological reactions of platelets in the conditions of their aging and possible mechanisms of their pathological aggregation.

[Candidate SNP-markers altering TBP binding affinity for promoters of the Y-linked genes CDY2A, SHOX, and ZFY are lowering many indexes of reproductive potential in men].

Reproductive potential is the most important conditional indicator reflecting the ability of individuals in a population to reproduce, survive and develop under optimal environmental conditions. As for humans, the concept of reproductive potential can include the level of the individual's mental and physical state, which allows them to reproduce healthy offspring when they reach social and physical maturity. Female reproductive potential has been investigated in great detail, whereas the male reproductive potential (MRP) has not received the equal amount of attention as yet.

Regional and ethnic differences in semen quality and reproductive hormones in Russia: A Siberian population-based cohort study of young men.

Background: This is the first large-scale Russian study describing semen quality and reproductive hormone levels among young men.

Objectives: The aim of the study was to compare semen quality and reproductive hormone levels in young men of four cities and three ethnic groups living in the Siberian region of Russia and to find out ethnic or environmental reasons for regional differences.

Materials And Methods: The study population consisted of 1291 young men from Novosibirsk, Kemerovo, Ulan-Ude, and Yakutsk, including 1013 men of three most numerous ethnic groups: Slavs, Buryats, and Yakuts.

A Bioinformatics Model of Human Diseases on the Basis of Differentially Expressed Genes (of Domestic Versus Wild Animals) That Are Orthologs of Human Genes Associated with Reproductive-Potential Changes.

Earlier, after our bioinformatic analysis of single-nucleotide polymorphisms of TATA-binding protein-binding sites within gene promoters on the human Y chromosome, we suggested that human reproductive potential diminishes during self-domestication. Here, we implemented bioinformatics models of human diseases using animal in vivo genome-wide RNA-Seq data to compare the effect of co-directed changes in the expression of orthologous genes on human reproductive potential and during the divergence of domestic and wild animals from their nearest common ancestor (NCA). For example, serotonin receptor 3A () deficiency contributes to sudden death in pregnancy, consistently with underexpression in guinea pigs ( during their divergence from their NCA with cavy ().

Disruptive natural selection by male reproductive potential prevents underexpression of protein-coding genes on the human Y chromosome as a self-domestication syndrome.

Background: In population ecology, the concept of reproductive potential denotes the most vital indicator of chances to produce and sustain a healthy descendant until his/her reproductive maturity under the best conditions. This concept links quality of life and longevity of an individual with disease susceptibilities encoded by his/her genome. Female reproductive potential has been investigated deeply, widely, and comprehensively in the past, but the male one has not received an equal amount of attention.

Study of Semen Quality, Reproductive Hormone Levels, and Lipid Levels in Men From Arkhangelsk, a City in North of European Russia.

Male populations in the European North of Russia have not previously been investigated for semen quality. The aim of this study was to evaluate semen parameters, reproductive hormone levels, and lipid levels in volunteers from the general urban population of the European North of Russia, to compare the data published for men from the neighboring Northern or Eastern European countries, and to evaluate associations between sperm quality and serum hormonal and lipid levels. Ninety-nine volunteers aged 23-63 years residing in the city of Archangelsk were enrolled in the study.

[Gastroesophageal reflux disease and esophagitis associated with the use of drugs: the modern state of the problem].

From the standpoint of evidence - based medicine, the ability of various drugs to induce the development of gastroesophageal reflux disease and esophagitis is considered. Thus, all known drugs can be divided into 3 groups: drugs that have the ability to reduce pressure in the lower esophageal sphincter, for example, β-adrenoreceptor agonists, α-adrenoreceptor antagonists, anticholinergics, calcium channel blockers, nitrates, benzodiazepines (diazepam), estrogen, progesterone, aminophylline (theophylline), tricyclic antidepressants, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, glucocorticosteroids; means providing a direct damaging effect on the esophageal mucosa, as well as lowering its resistance reflyuktatu, e.g.

[General and particular issues of etiopathogenesis of peptic ulcer and gastric cancer: current status of the problem].

The development of peptic ulcer (PU) and gastric cancer (GC) is the result of the interaction of various internal and external factors. Moreover, if the role ofHelicobacter pylori(H. pylori) in the development of diseases of the stomach is fully established, the significance of many other factors continues to be discussed.