Methyl Methacrylate Copolymer with Pendant Thioxanthenone Groups as Active Layer for Resistive Memory Devices.

An electro-active copolymer of methyl methacrylate and 2-((4-acroylpiperazine-1-yl)methyl)-9H-thioxanthene-9-one (poly(MMA-co-ThS)) was synthesized by radical polymerization. The copolymer has good solubility in most organic solvents, thermal stability up to 282 °C and excellent ability to form thin films on silicon wafers. Poly(MMA-co-ThS) films exhibited an electrochemical and electrochromic activity resulting in the formation of long-lived radical anion states of pendant thioxanthone groups inside the film.

Spin Crossover and Thermochromism in Iron(II) Complexes with 2,6-Bis(1-imidazol-2-yl)-4-methoxypyridine.

New iron(II) complexes with 2,6-bis(1-imidazol-2-yl)-4-methoxypyridine () of the composition [FeL]A∙mHO (A = SO, n = 1, m = 2 (); A = ReO, n = 2, m = 1 (); A = Br, n = 2, m = 2 ()) have been synthesized and investigated. To determine the coordination ability of the ligand, a single crystal of a copper(II) complex of the composition [CuLCl] () was obtained and studied by X-ray technique. Compounds - were studied using methods of X-ray phase analysis, electron (diffuse reflection spectra), infrared and Mössbauer spectroscopy, static magnetic susceptibility.

Synthesis of esters and amides of 2-aryl-1-hydroxy-4-methyl-1H-imidazole-5-carboxylic acids and study of their antiviral activity against orthopoxviruses.

Smallpox was eradicated >40 years ago but it is not a reason to forget forever about orthopoxviruses pathogenic to humans. Though in 1980 the decision of WHO to cease vaccination against smallpox had seemed logical, it led to the decrease of cross immunity against other infections caused by orthopoxviruses. As a result, in 2022 the multi-country monkeypox outbreak becomes a topic of great concern.

[Photogenerator of trichloroacetic acid--a perspective detritylation agent for microchip oligonucleotide synthesis].

For the purpose of new detritylation agents search for microarray oligonucleotide synthesis we investigated applicability of [4-(4-methoxyphenyl)-2,6-dinitro-phenyl](phenyl)methyl 2,2,2-trichloroacetate for 4,4'-dimethoxytrityl group detritylation during oligonucleotide syntheses generating trichloroacetic acid at radiation by light with a length of wave of 405 nanometers. [4-(4-Methoxyphenyl)-2,6-dinitro-phenyl](phenyl)methyl 2,2,2-trichloroacetate has been successfully used for solid-phase oligonucleotide synthesis of desired oligonucleotides.

[The effects of prolonged selection for behavior on the stress response and Activity of the reproductive system of male Brown rats (Rattus norvegicus)].

Two Norway rat (Rattus norvegicus) populations contrasting in behavior have been raised at the Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Novosibirsk, Russia with long-term selection for the absence or enhancement of an aggressive response towards humans. They are designated as tame and aggressive, respectively. In this work we investigated the effects of the selection on behavior, stress responsiveness, and fertility in males of the 78th generation.

[The analysis of maternal behavior in tame and aggressive rats].

Maternal behavior in rodents is associated with long-term programming of individual coping capacities in the offspring and includes a large number of components. This work was aimed to study maternal behavior in tame and aggressive gray rats selected for absence and enhancement of aggressiveness towards human. The study was carried out from 1 to 12 days of nursing at various time of day.

[The pleiotropic effect of selection for behavior on coat color in grey rats (Rattus norvegicus)].

The effects of selection for a type of behavior relative to humans (tame and aggressive) on the intensity of coat color in agouti rats with the AAHH genotype were studied. Animals that were not under selection for behavior (wild animals) were used as the control. Morphometric analysis of the hair parameters that influence the intensity of coat color demonstrated that, on the one hand, polymorphism in the main coat color exists in the population of wild agouti rats, that is, both light and dark agouti animals exist.

[The role of glucocorticoids in the appearance of coat depigmentation in animals selected for behavior].

The involvement of glucocorticoid hormones in the appearance of white spottings during embryogenesis in domesticated gray rats was studied. It was shown that prenatal stress and exposure to dexamethasone on the 12-14 days of pregnancy of fully pigmented gray rats elicited the slowing of melanoblast migration and its development in embryos. It was associated with a 4-fold increase of the offspring percentage with the depigmentation on the ventral side of body in adults.

[Effects of maternal methyl-supplemented diet on glucocorticoid receptor gene expression in the hippocampal of rats selected for behavior].

Here we report that selection for behavior and maternal methyl-supplemented diet alters rat hippocampus glucocorticoid receptor (GR) mRNA expression. Same selection is associated with increased GR mRNA expression as compared with aggressive rats, whereas maternal methyl-supplemented diet inhibits tame rat GR gene activity. The gene promoter methylation is a way to alter GR expression.

[Spleen morpho-functional changes after the induction of cell-mediated immune reaction in behaviorally selected gray rats].

In rats selected for aggressive or domesticated (tame) behavior, spleen morpho-functional changes were examined under the conditions of cell-mediated immune response using experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) model. Tame rats were found to present more severe clinical manifestations, characteristic to EAE, than those with an aggressive behavior. Body mass changes in EAE were significantly different in tame and aggressive rats.

[Methyl-containing diet of mothers affects the AGOUTI gene expression in the offspring of rats with various behavioral types].

The effects of selection of agouti rats (with genotype AAHH) on the tame and aggressive behavior and dietary methyl given to females from the eighth day of pregnancy to the fifth day after the birth of the offspring on the intensity of the agouti coat color in the offspring have been studied. The morphometric parameters of hair determining the darkness of the agouti color (the total length of guard hairs, the lengths of their eumelanin end and pheomelanin band, the ratio between the lengths of the eumelanin and pheomelanin portions of the hair, the total length of the awn hairs, and the relative length of their widened "lanceolate" upper end) have been compared. It has been found that selection of agouti rats for aggressive behavior is accompanied by darkening of the coat color compared to tame rats due to an increase in the ratio of the length of the black eumelanin end of the guard hairs to the length of the yellow pheomelanin band.

Some features of learning in the Morris water test in rats selected for responses to humans.

The characteristics of learning in the Morris water test were studied in gray rats subjected to prolonged selection for elimination (the tame strain) and enhanced (the aggressive strain) aggressivity towards humans. Blood corticosterone levels at different stages of learning were also estimated. Tame rats learned to locate the invisible platform better than aggressive rats.

[Some features of learning in swimming Morris test in rats selected for behavior towards human].

Some features of learning in Morris water test were studied in gray rats after a long-term selection for elimination (tame strain) and enhancement (aggressive strain) of aggressiveness towards human. The content of plasma corticosteroids was estimated at different stages of learning. It was shown that tame rats were better in performance of a special Morris task than aggressive ones.

A maternal methyl-containing diet alters learning ability in the Morris swimming test in adult rats.

Maternal choline diet is known to affect the processes of spatial learning. We report here our studies of learning ability in the Morris swimming test in the adult offspring of maternal rats given a methyl-containing supplement enriched with choline and betaine during pregnancy and lactation. Increases in the time taken to find the invisible platform and the duration of swimming close to the vessel walls were seen, these demonstrating worsening of learning ability in response to the maternal diet.

[Maternal methyl-containing dietary supplementation alters the ability to learn in adult rats in swimming Morris test].

Maternal choline diet influences the spatial learning processes. In this work, the learning ability of adult progeny of mothers who had received methyl diet enriched with choline and betain during pregnancy and lactation was studied in Morris test. The introduction of the diet to pregnant rats resulted in an increase in the time of search for invisible platform and time of swimming near the pool walls in offsprings, which meant a worsening of their learning ability.

[The effect of methyl-containing supplements during pregnancy on the phenotypic modification of offspring hair color in rats].

The effect of methyl supplements to the diet of pregnant homozygous (AAHH) female rats with agouti coat color mated with homozygous (aahh) males on the phenotypic modification of the coat color of their heterozygous offspring (AaHh) has been studied. Comparative morphological analysis of the main parameters of hair that determine coat color, including the total length of hairs of different types and the length of the upper black (eumelanin) and light (pheomelanin) parts of awn hairs has been performed. The pattern of pigment granule distribution among hair layers has been analyzed.

[An experiment on fox domestication and debatable issues of evolution of the dog].

This paper is a review of the results of the authors obtained in a long-term experiment on fox domestication. Debatable issues of dog evolution are discussed in light of these results. It is demonstrated that genetic physiological mechanisms of the behavior transformation during selection and the nature of the arising phenotypic changes are associated with retarded development of corresponding ontogenetic processes.

[Morphofunctional characteristics of the spleen in rats with different behavior after exposure to restriction stress].

Spleen morphological characteristics were studied in rats with contrasting behavior towards man (aggressive and tame). It was shown that intact tame rats surpassed the aggressive ones in body mass, absolute and relative splenic mass and in diameter of lymphoid nodules. Humoral immune response to sheep erythrocytes in tame rats was significantly lower than in aggressive ones.

Responses of the hypophyseal-adrenal system to stress and immune stimuli in gray rats selected for behavior.

The characteristics of the responses of the hypothalamo-hypophyseal-adrenal system to restriction stress and administration of lipopolysaccharide and interleukin-2 were studied in gray rats selected for the maintenance and absence of aggressive behavior in relation to humans. These experiments demonstrated decreased levels of corticosterone and ACTH in the plasma of tame rats in restriction stress and after administration of lipopolysaccharide as compared with non-tame rats. After administration of interleukin-2, the corticosterone level was identical in both groups of animals, though it reached the basal level in tame rats more quickly than in rats selected for maintaining aggressive behavior.

[Behavioral and physiological characteristics of nonagouti mutation in gray rats during selection for aggressiveness].

The goal of this work was to find out to which degree the black coat color mutation nonagouti that appears in wild Norway rat in the course of breeding for the maintenance and enhancement of aggressiveness towards a human affects selected and other behavioral traits as well as stress reactivity and brain neurochemistry. Nonagouti rats displayed increased emotionality in the open-field and forced-swimming tests as compared to agouti animals, whereas there were no differences in anxiety estimated in the elevated plus-maze. Neither were there any differences in glucocorticoid reactions to a combined stressful procedure such as forced swimming.

Relationship between behavioral selection and primary and secondary immune response in wild gray rats.

The main characteristics of primary and secondary immune response (number of antibody producing cells and the amount of produced antibodies) are reduced in rats selected by elimination of aggressive behavior in comparison with animals selected by stimulation of this behavior. In parallel, the reaction of the pituitary-adrenal system during immune response was modified in these rats. Presumably, the differences in immune reactions of rats selected by contrast behavior are determined by changes in reactivity of the pituitary-adrenal system to stress and immune stimulation during selection.

[Pleiotropic effect of the hooded mutation of the rat on male fertility].

Several reproductive parameters were studied in males homozygous (hh) or heterozygous (Hh) for the hooded mutation as compared with completely pigmented wild-type males (HH). Histological analysis of the testes was carried out in males of the three genotypes. The proportion of sterile males in homogeneous matings of homozygotes hh was twice as high as in matings of heterozygotes.