Development and Implementation of a Novel CAPS Assay Reveals High Prevalence of a Boscalid Resistance Marker and Its Co-Occurrence with an Azole Resistance Marker in .

Succinate dehydrogenase inhibitors (SDHIs) are frequently used against powdery mildew (PM) fungi, such as , the causal agent of grapevine PM. Fungicide resistance, however, hinders effective control. DNA-based monitoring facilitates the recognition of resistance.

Stabilization of G-Quadruplex Structures of the SARS-CoV-2 Genome by TMPyP4, BRACO19, and PhenDC3.

The G-quadruplex is one of the non-canonical structures formed by nucleic acids, which can be formed by guanine-rich sequences. They became the focus of much research when they were found in several oncogene promoter regions and also in the telomeres. Later on, they were discovered in viruses as well.

Species Associated with Fusarium Head Blight in Hungarian Wheat Fields.

The species composition of the genus associated with Fusarium head blight (FHB) in wheat fields of Hungary in the year 2019 was assessed. Symptomatic wheat heads were collected at 20 geographical locations representing different ecosystems. A total of 256 strains were isolated and identified by partial sequences of the translation elongation factor 1-alpha gene and, where required, the second-largest subunit of the DNA-directed RNA polymerase gene.

Comprehensive analyses of the occurrence of a fungicide resistance marker and the genetic structure in Erysiphe necator populations.

Genetically distinct groups of Erysiphe necator, the fungus causing grapevine powdery mildew infect grapevine in Europe, yet the processes sustaining stable genetic differences between those groups are less understood. Genotyping of over 2000 field samples from six wine regions in Hungary collected between 2017 and 2019 was conducted to reveal E. necator genotypes and their possible differentiation.

Dynamics of Carbendazim-Resistance Frequency of Pathogens Associated with the Epidemic of Fusarium Head Blight.

Carbendazim resistance was detected using 4,701 species complex isolates collected from major wheat-producing regions in China from 2018 to 2020. A total of 348 carbendazim-resistant isolates were identified. The majority of carbendazim-resistant isolates were detected in Jiangsu and Anhui Provinces.

Multilocus molecular phylogenetic-led discovery and formal recognition of four novel root-colonizing species from northern Kazakhstan and the phylogenetically divergent lineage.

In this study, DNA sequence data were used to characterize 290 strains isolated during a survey of root-colonizing endophytic fungi of agricultural and nonagricultural plants in northern Kazakhstan. The collection was screened for species identity using partial translation elongation factor 1-α () gene sequences. Altogether, 16 different species were identified, including eight known and four novel species, as well as the discovery of the phylogenetically divergent lineage.

Diversity regained: Precautionary approaches to COVID-19 as a phenomenon of the total environment.

As COVID-19 emerged as a phenomenon of the total environment, and despite the intertwined and complex relationships that make humanity an organic part of the Bio- and Geospheres, the majority of our responses to it have been corrective in character, with few or no consideration for unintended consequences which bring about further vulnerability to unanticipated global events. Tackling COVID-19 entails a systemic and precautionary approach to human-nature relations, which we frame as regaining diversity in the Geo-, Bio-, and Anthropospheres. Its implementation requires nothing short of an overhaul in the way we interact with and build knowledge from natural and social environments.

Characterization of a G-quadruplex from hepatitis B virus and its stabilization by binding TMPyP4, BRACO19 and PhenDC3.

Specific guanine rich nucleic acid sequences can form non-canonical structures, like the four stranded G-quadruplex (GQ). We studied the GQ-forming sequence (named HepB) found in the genome of the hepatitis B virus. Fluorescence-, infrared- and CD-spectroscopy were used.

Pressure Perturbation Studies of Noncanonical Viral Nucleic Acid Structures.

G-quadruplexes are noncanonical structures formed by guanine-rich sequences of the genome. They are found in crucial loci of the human genome, they take part in the regulation of important processes like cell proliferation and cell death. Much less is known about the subjects of this work, the viral G-quadruplexes.

What is the role of the nitrate reductase (euknr) gene in fungi that live in nitrate-free environments? A targeted gene knock-out study in Ampelomyces mycoparasites.

Mycoparasitic fungi can be utilized as biocontrol agents (BCAs) of many plant pathogens. Deciphering the molecular mechanisms of mycoparasitism may improve biocontrol efficiency. This work reports the first functional genetic studies in Ampelomyces, widespread mycoparasites and BCAs of powdery mildew fungi, and a molecular genetic toolbox for future works.

Negative volume changes of human G-quadruplexes at unfolding.

G-quadruplexes are tetrahelical structures. They are important targets for anti-cancer drugs, since they are situated at crucial positions within the genome. We studied the volumetric properties of the unfolding of three G-quadruplexes in the presence of potassium ion.

Revealing unfolding steps and volume changes of human telomeric i-motif DNA.

Cytosine rich DNA sequences can fold into a non-canonical four stranded intercalated i-motif structure. We investigated Htel-iM, an i-motif structure of the human telomeric DNA region that plays an important role in cell division, cancer diseases and aging. A high pressure up to 1 Gpa was applied to reveal the volumetric changes during unfolding.

Relationship between oxidative stress and sexual coloration of lizards depends on thermal habitat.

Sexual signals serve as an honest indicator of individual quality, reflecting either developmental and/or maintenance costs. A possible underlying physiological mechanism is oxidative stress, which could mediate energy trade-offs between sexual signals and other quality traits. In ectotherms, thermal performance acts as a key indicator of individual quality and influence signal intensity.

Effects of energy and thermoregulation time on physiological state and sexual signal in a lizard.

Theory of sexual selection states that males often develop showy signals, which reduce their survival but increase their reproductive success. During mate choice, these conspicuous signals can be honest indicators of individual quality conveying information about the signaler's physiological state. Sexually selected signals are influenced by many environmental factors; however, whether signals and physiological state are affected together is rarely studied.

Environment-dependence of behavioural consistency in adult male European green lizards (Lacerta viridis).

Understanding the background mechanisms affecting the emergence and maintenance of consistent between-individual variation within population in single (animal personality) or across multiple (behavioural syndrome) behaviours has key importance. State-dependence theory suggests that behaviour is 'anchored' to individual state (e.g.

Spatial variation in climate mediates gene flow across an island archipelago.

High levels of gene flow among partially isolated populations can overwhelm selection and limit local adaptation. This process, known as "gene swamping," can homogenize genetic diversity among populations and reduce the capacity of a species to withstand rapid environmental change. We studied brown anole lizards (Anolis sagrei) distributed across seven islands in The Bahamas.

Occurrence of Fusarium verticillioides and Fusarium musae on banana fruits marketed in Hungary.

Fusarium strains were isolated from rotten banana fruit imported into Hungary from some African and some Neotropical countries. The strains were identified using morphological features, 2-benzoxazolinone tolerance, translation elongation factor (EF-1α) sequences and inter simple sequence repeat (ISSR) analysis. All strains from Africa proved to be F.

European green lizard (Lacerta viridis) personalities: Linking behavioural types to ecologically relevant traits at different ontogenetic stages.

Consistent individual differences within (animal personality) and across (behavioural syndrome) behaviours became well recognized during the past decade. Nevertheless, our knowledge about the evolutionary and developmental mechanisms behind the phenomena is still incomplete. Here, we explored if risk-taking and exploration were consistent and linked to different ecologically relevant traits in wild-caught adult male European green lizards (Lacerta viridis) and in their 2-3 weeks old laboratory-reared offspring.

Negative correlation between nuptial throat colour and blood parasite load in male European green lizards supports the Hamilton-Zuk hypothesis.

During female mate choice, conspicuous male sexual signals are used to infer male quality and choose the best sire for the offspring. The theory of parasite-mediated sexual selection (Hamilton-Zuk hypothesis) presumes that parasite infection can influence the elaboration of sexual signals: resistant individuals can invest more energy into signal expression and thus advertise their individual quality through signal intensity. By preferring these males, females can provide resistance genes for their offspring.

Temperature, but not available energy, affects the expression of a sexually selected ultraviolet (UV) colour trait in male European green lizards.

Background: Colour signals are widely used in intraspecific communication and often linked to individual fitness. The development of some pigment-based (e.g.

Ultraviolet nuptial colour determines fight success in male European green lizards (Lacerta viridis).

Animal communication through colour signals is a central theme in sexual selection. Structural colours can be just as costly and honest signals as pigment-based colours. Ultraviolet (UV) is a structural colour that can be important both in intrasexual competition and mate choice.

Cryptococcus zeae, a new yeast species associated with Zea mays.

A new yeast, Cryptococcus zeae (type strain HB 1207(T)) is described. Six strains were isolated from corn and pests of corn in Austria. Microsatellite-primed polymerase chain reaction (MSP-PCR) fingerprints showed that the strains are members of the same species.

Analysis of yeast isolates related to Metschnikowia pulcherrima using the partial sequences of the large subunit rDNA and the actin gene; description of Metschnikowia andauensis sp. nov.

Thirty-two yeast isolates were cultured from guts or excrements of three different pests of corn or from the stem of healthy corn. The strains were analyzed using MSP-PCR (micro/minisatellite-primed polymerase chain reaction), sequences of the D1/D2 region of the large subunit rDNA and a 979 bp long part of the actin gene (act-1). They seem to belong to three groups that are all sister groups of Metschnikowia pulcherrima, M.

Application of ITS sequence analysis, RAPD and AFLP fingerprinting in characterising the yeast genus Fellomyces.

Three molecular techniques, ITS sequence analysis, random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) and amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) were used to study phylogenetic and genotypic relationships among strains of the genus Fellomyces. In the analyses were included strains isolated predominantly from epiphytic lichens collected in Indonesia, China and Mexico. The polyphasic approach indicated that the Fellomyces isolates are genotypically heterogeneous and that lichens represent a specific environment for selection of large number of the sterigmatoconidia producing species.

Fellomyces mexicanus sp. nov., a new member of the yeast genus Fellomyces isolated from lichen Cryptothecia rubrocincta collected in Mexico.

Two strains isolated from the lichen Cryptothecia rubrocincta collected in Mexico are described as new members of the sterigmatoconidia-producing genus Fellomyces. Based on the identical sequences of the D1/D2 regions of 26S rDNA, as well as the results of the cluster analysis of the AFLP fingerprints, the strains have been shown to be conspecific. The 26S rDNA-based phylogeny has indicated that Fellomyces mexicanus clusters within a clade including species such as four other Fellomyces isolates from lichens: F.