Transcriptomic analysis of subarachnoid cysts of Taenia solium reveals mechanisms for uncontrolled proliferation and adaptations to the microenvironment.

Subarachnoid neurocysticercosis (SANCC) is caused by an abnormally transformed form of the metacestode or larval form of the tapeworm Taenia solium. In contrast to vesicular parenchymal and ventricular located cysts that contain a viable scolex and are anlage of the adult tapeworm, the subarachnoid cyst proliferates to form aberrant membranous cystic masses within the subarachnoid spaces that cause mass effects and acute and chronic arachnoiditis. How subarachnoid cyst proliferates and interacts with the human host is poorly understood, but parasite stem cells (germinative cells) likely participate.

Evaluation of the Chilean National Orthopaedic Examination Over 11 Years: Progress and Outcomes of National and International Examinees.

Introduction: The National Orthopaedics Examination (EMNOT) was initially designed for Chilean orthopaedic program graduates and is now a crucial component of the revalidation process for international orthopaedic surgeons seeking practice in Chile. This study aims to describe participation and performance of EMNOT examinees based on their origin and to analyze the difficulty and discrimination indexes during its first 11 years of implementation.

Methods: A retrospective assessment was conducted on all EMNOT results from 2009 to 2019.

Tibial tubercle to trochlear groove and the roman arch method for tibial tubercle lateralisation are reliable and distinguish between subjects with and without major patellar instability.

Purpose: Patellofemoral (PF) instability recurrence depends on several factors including the relative lateralisation of tibial tubercle (TT) regarding the trochlear groove (TG). TT relative lateralisation quantification has long been a topic of debate. Multiple measuring techniques have been described including TT-trochlear groove (TT-TG), TT-posterior cruciate ligament (TT-PCL) and TT-roman arch (TT-RA), with no clear consensus regarding the most reliable index or pathologic threshold.

The distance between the fibular collateral ligament tunnel and the common peroneal nerve allows a posterolateral corner reconstruction without neurolysis.

Purpose: The most popular knee posterolateral corner (PLC) reconstruction techniques describe that a common peroneal nerve (CPN) neurolysis must be done to safely address the posterolateral aspect of the knee. The purpose of this study was to measure the distance between the CPN and the fibular insertion of the FCL in different degrees of knee flexion in cadaveric specimens, to identify if tunnel drilling could be done anatomically and safely without a CPN neurolysis.

Methods: Ex vivo experimental analytical study.

Hepatitis D double reflex testing of all hepatitis B carriers in low-HBV- and high-HBV/HDV-prevalence countries.

Hepatitis D virus (HDV) infection occurs as a coinfection with hepatitis B and increases the risk of hepatocellular carcinoma, decompensated cirrhosis, and mortality compared to hepatitis B virus (HBV) monoinfection. Reliable estimates of the prevalence of HDV infection and disease burden are essential to formulate strategies to find coinfected individuals more effectively and efficiently. The global prevalence of HBV infections was estimated to be 262,240,000 in 2021.

First molecular characterization of Escherichia coli O157:H7 isolates from clinical samples in Paraguay using whole-genome sequencing.

Escherichia coli O157:H7 is a foodborne pathogen implicated in numerous outbreaks worldwide that has the ability to cause extra-intestinal complications in humans. The Enteropathogens Division of the Central Public Health Laboratory (CPHL) in Paraguay is working to improve the genomic characterization of Shiga toxin-producing E. coli (STEC) to enhance laboratory-based surveillance and investigation of foodborne disease outbreaks.

Safe and effective re-use policy for high-efficiency filtering facepiece respirators (FFRS): Experience of one hospital during the Covid-19 pandemic in 2020.

The high transmissibility rate of the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 facilitated an exponential growth in the number of infections, posing a tremendous threat to healthcare systems across the world. The use of Non-oil 95% efficiency (N95) respirators demonstrated to reduce the risk of virus transmission. The escalated demand in N95 respirators during 2020 generated a massive shortage worldwide which resulted in serious implications, one being an increase in healthcare providers' costs.

Proliferative cells in racemose neurocysticercosis have an active MAPK signalling pathway and respond to metformin treatment.

Racemose neurocysticercosis is an aggressive infection caused by the aberrant expansion of the cyst form of Taenia solium within the subarachnoid spaces of the human brain and spinal cord, resulting in the displacement of the surrounding host tissue and chronic inflammation. We previously demonstrated that the continued growth of the racemose bladder wall is associated with the presence of mitotically active cells but the nature and control of these proliferative cells are not well understood. Here, we demonstrated by immunofluorescence that the racemose cyst has an active mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK) signalling pathway that is inhibited after treatment with metformin, which reduces racemose cell proliferation in vitro, and reduces parasite growth in the murine model of Taenia crassiceps cysticercosis.

Procedure for infusion of autologous mitochondria through the carotid artery in porcine brain.

Mitochondria are complex organelles that play a critical role within the cell; mitochondrial dysfunction can result in significant cell damage or death. Previous studies have demonstrated the promising therapeutic effects of autologous mitochondria transplantation into ischemic cardiac tissue; however, few studies have examined the in vivo effects of mitochondria infusion into the brain. The aim of this study is to report a procedure for carotid infusion of autologous mitochondria into porcine brains.

Identification and culture of proliferative cells in abnormal Taenia solium larvae: Role in the development of racemose neurocysticercosis.

Racemose neurocysticercosis is an aggressive disease caused by the aberrant expansion of the cyst form of Taenia solium within the subarachnoid spaces of the human brain and spinal cord resulting in a mass effect and chronic inflammation. Although expansion is likely caused by the proliferation and growth of the parasite bladder wall, there is little direct evidence of the mechanisms that underlie these processes. Since the development and growth of cysts in related cestodes involves totipotential germinative cells, we hypothesized that the expansive growth of the racemose larvae is organized and maintained by germinative cells.

Tibial Cut Accuracy in Mechanically Aligned Total Knee Arthroplasty Using Extensor Hallucis Longus Tendon to Determine Extramedullary Tibial Guide Position.

This study aimed to determine the tibial cut (TC) accuracy using extensor hallucis longus (EHL) tendon as an anatomical landmark to position the total knee arthroplasty (TKA) extramedullary tibial guide (EMTG), and its impact on the TKA mechanical alignment (MA). We retrospectively studied 96 TKA, performed by a single surgeon, using a femoral tailored intramedullary guide technique. Seventeen were prior to the use of the EHL and 79 used the EHL tendon to position the EMTG.

Anterior and distal tunnel orientation for anatomic reconstruction of the medial patellofemoral ligament is safer in patients with open growth plates.

Purpose: In patients with open growth plates, the direction of tunneling that avoids distal femoral physis (DFP) damage in anatomic reconstructions of the medial patellofemoral ligament (MPFL) has been a topic of discussion. The objective of this study was to determine the ideal orientation for anatomic reconstructions of MPFL tunneling that minimized DFP damage while avoiding breaching the intercondylar notch.

Methods: Eighty magnetic resonance images of patients aged 10 through 17 were obtained, randomly sampled from the institutional database.

An Isolated Transosseous Flexible Suture Frame in the Treatment of Patellar Tendon Rupture Provides Adequate Mechanical Resistance.

Introduction: Acute patellar tendon ruptures are frequently observed in patients with metabolic comorbidities, and the benchmark treatment is surgical repair. It is desirable not to harm an already fragile biologic environment with sutures and hardware. We aimed to compare the mechanical requirements of an isolated, flexible, high-strength nonabsorbable transosseous suture frame with that of the Krackow suture technique.

Umbilical Cord-Derived Mesenchymal Stromal Cells (MSCs) for Knee Osteoarthritis: Repeated MSC Dosing Is Superior to a Single MSC Dose and to Hyaluronic Acid in a Controlled Randomized Phase I/II Trial.

Knee osteoarthritis (OA) is a leading cause of pain and disability. Although conventional treatments show modest benefits, pilot and phase I/II trials with bone marrow (BM) and adipose-derived (AD) mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) point to the feasibility, safety, and occurrence of clinical and structural improvement in focal or diffuse disease. This study aimed to assess the safety and efficacy of the intra-articular injection of single or repeated umbilical cord-derived (UC) MSCs in knee OA.

Copper-induced cell death and the protective role of glutathione: the implication of impaired protein folding rather than oxidative stress.

Copper (Cu) is a bioelement essential for a myriad of enzymatic reactions, which when present in high concentration leads to cytotoxicity. Whereas Cu toxicity is usually assumed to originate from the metal's ability to enhance lipid peroxidation, the role of oxidative stress has remained uncertain since no antioxidant therapy has ever been effective. Here we show that Cu overload induces cell death independently of the metal's ability to oxidize the intracellular milieu.

Boar sperm protein tyrosine phosphorylation in the presence of egg yolk soluble and low density lipoprotein fractions during cooling.

Increased protein tyrosine phosphorylation and the appearance of a phosphorylated protein of 32 kD (p32) are reported among the capacitation-like changes in cryopreserved boar sperm. Egg yolk freezing extenders are composed by two fractions: insoluble granules and soluble plasma, which contains the low density lipoproteins (LDL) proposed as responsible for the egg yolk cryoprotective action. The aim of this work was to analyze the effects of complete egg yolk and its insoluble, soluble and LDL fractions on boar sperm quality and protein tyrosine phosphorylation after the first stage of a standard cryopreservation protocol.

TNF-α blockade suppresses pericystic inflammation following anthelmintic treatment in porcine neurocysticercosis.

Background: Neurocysticercosis (NCC) is an infection of the brain with the larval cyst of the tapeworm, Taenia solium. Cysticidal treatment induces parasite killing resulting in a post inflammatory response and seizures, which generally requires corticosteroid treatment to control inflammation. The nature of this response and how to best control it is unclear.

MicroRNAs in Neurocysticercosis: Insights as Promising Agents in Host-Parasite Interaction and Their Potential as Biomarkers.

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are short, endogenous, non-coding, single-stranded RNAs involved in post-transcriptional gene regulation. Although, several miRNAs have been identified in parasitic helminths, there is little information about their identification and function in . Furthermore, the impact of miRNAs in neurocysticercosis, the brain infection caused by larvae of is still unknown.

Antimicrobial Activity of Starch Hydrogel Incorporated with Copper Nanoparticles.

In order to obtain an antimicrobial gel, a starch-based hydrogel reinforced with silica-coated copper nanoparticles (Cu NPs) was developed. Cu NPs were synthesized by use of a copper salt and hydrazine as a reducing agent. In order to enhance Cu NP stability over time, they were synthesized in a starch medium followed by a silica coating.

Anti-Taenia solium monoclonal antibodies for the detection of parasite antigens in body fluids from patients with neurocysticercosis.

Neurocysticercosis (NCC), an infection of the brain by Taenia solium (Ts) cysts, is the most common cause of adult-onset epilepsy in developing countries. Serological testing consists primarily of varying methods to detect antibodies in body fluids and more recently antigen (Ag) detection assays to identify individuals or animals with viable parasites. Antigen assays currently in use employ monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) raised against T.

An assessment of the Chilean National Examination of Orthopaedic Surgery.

Background: The Chilean National Examination of Orthopaedic Surgery (EMNOT) has been administered since 2009. It was developed to determine whether individual residents are meeting minimal knowledge standards at the end of their training programs.

Methods: We performed a retrospective evaluation of the EMNOT for all years it has been administered (2009-2015).

Is computed tomography an accurate and reliable method for measuring total knee arthroplasty component rotation?

Purpose: Computed tomography (CT) is widely used to assess component rotation in patients with poor results after total knee arthroplasty (TKA). The purpose of this study was to simultaneously determine the accuracy and reliability of CT in measuring TKA component rotation.

Methods: TKA components were implanted in dry-bone models and assigned to two groups.