eyeScrollR: A software method for reproducible mapping of eye-tracking data from scrollable web pages.

The Internet has become an important part of our lives and an increasing number of researchers use eye-tracking technology to examine attention and behavior in online environments. Researchers, however, face a significant challenge in mapping eye-tracking data from scrollable web pages. We describe the R package eyeScrollR for mapping eye-tracking data from scrollable content such as web pages.

A meta-analysis on the effect of visual attention on choice.

Decision makers attend more to preferred choice options and to the ultimately chosen option, but does visual attention influence preferences and choice? Several theories suggest that attention has a causal effect on preferences and choice and a growing number of studies have examined the question with experimental methods. However, the evidence for an effect of attention on choice is mixed and highly contended. To advance the debate on the role of attention in decision making, we meta-analyze studies that manipulate attention-to-choice options and measure the effect on 2-alternative preferential choices.

Covert attention leads to fast and accurate decision-making.

Decision-makers are regularly faced with more choice information than they can directly gaze at in a limited amount of time. Many theories assume that because decision-makers attend to information sequentially and overtly, that is, with direct gaze, they must respond to information overload by trading off between speed and decision accuracy. By reanalyzing five published studies, we show that participants, besides using overt attention, also use covert attention.

Eye tracking: empirical foundations for a minimal reporting guideline.

In this paper, we present a review of how the various aspects of any study using an eye tracker (such as the instrument, methodology, environment, participant, etc.) affect the quality of the recorded eye-tracking data and the obtained eye-movement and gaze measures. We take this review to represent the empirical foundation for reporting guidelines of any study involving an eye tracker.

The visual environment and attention in decision making.

Visual attention is a fundamental aspect of most everyday decisions, and governments and companies spend vast resources competing for the attention of decision makers. In natural environments, choice options differ on a variety of visual factors, such as salience, position, or surface size. However, most decision theories ignore such visual factors, focusing on cognitive factors such as preferences as determinants of attention.

Uncertainty in learning, choice, and visual fixation.

Uncertainty plays a critical role in reinforcement learning and decision making. However, exactly how it influences behavior remains unclear. Multiarmed-bandit tasks offer an ideal test bed, since computational tools such as approximate Kalman filters can closely characterize the interplay between trial-by-trial values, uncertainty, learning, and choice.

Increasing consumers' attention capture and food choice through bottom-up effects.

To guide consumers in their decision process, especially food products often carry labels indicating production method or nutritional content. However, past research shows that many labels are rarely attended to in the consumer's decision process. In order to enhance the effectiveness of such labels and to increase choice likelihood of labeled products, the label must capture attention.

Threats to the validity of eye-movement research in psychology.

Eyetracking research in psychology has grown exponentially over the past decades, as equipment has become cheaper and easier to use. The surge in eyetracking research has not, however, been equaled by a growth in methodological awareness, and practices that are best avoided have become commonplace. We describe nine threats to the validity of eyetracking research and provide, whenever possible, advice on how to avoid or mitigate these challenges.

Implicit Statistical Learning in Real-World Environments Leads to Ecologically Rational Decision Making.

Ecological rationality results from matching decision strategies to appropriate environmental structures, but how does the matching happen? We propose that people learn the statistical structure of the environment through observation and use this learned structure to guide ecologically rational behavior. We tested this hypothesis in the context of organic foods. In Study 1, we found that products from healthful food categories are more likely to be organic than products from nonhealthful food categories.

A meta-analysis of blood glucose effects on human decision making.

The academic and public interest in blood glucose and its relationship to decision making has been increasing over the last decade. To investigate and evaluate competing theories about this relationship, we conducted a psychometric meta-analysis on the effect of blood glucose on decision making. We identified 42 studies relating to 4 dimensions of decision making: willingness to pay, willingness to work, time discounting, and decision style.

Effects of salience are both short- and long-lived.

A salient object can attract attention irrespective of its relevance to current goals. However, this bottom up effect tends to be short-lived (e.g.

Attention to advertising and memory for brands under alcohol intoxication.

In an attempt to discover new possibilities for advertising in uncluttered environments marketers have recently begun using ambient advertising in, for instance, bars and pubs. However, advertising in such licensed premises have to deal with the fact that many consumers are under the influence of alcohol while viewing the ad. This paper examines the effect of alcohol intoxication on attention to and memory for advertisements in two experiments.

A review of the findings and theories on surface size effects on visual attention.

That surface size has an impact on attention has been well-known in advertising research for almost a century; however, theoretical accounts of this effect have been sparse. To address this issue, we review studies on surface size effects on eye movements in this paper. While most studies find that large objects are more likely to be fixated, receive more fixations, and are fixated faster than small objects, a comprehensive explanation of this effect is still lacking.

Long-term visual outcome of methylmalonic aciduria and homocystinuria, cobalamin C type.

Objective: To describe the long-term ophthalmologic outcomes of patients with methylmalonic aciduria and homocystinuria, cobalamin C type (cblC).

Design: Retrospective case series.

Participants: All patients with cblC referred to the Department of Ophthalmology of the Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Sainte-Justine from 1984 through 2012 were studied.

Attention and choice: a review on eye movements in decision making.

This paper reviews studies on eye movements in decision making, and compares their observations to theoretical predictions concerning the role of attention in decision making. Four decision theories are examined: rational models, bounded rationality, evidence accumulation, and parallel constraint satisfaction models. Although most theories were confirmed with regard to certain predictions, none of the theories adequately accounted for the role of attention during decision making.

Reduced brain choline in homocystinuria due to remethylation defects.

Objective: To investigate whether secondary impairment of the transmethylation pathway is a mechanism underlying the neurologic involvement in homocystinuria due to remethylation defects.

Methods: Twelve patients with neurologic disease due to remethylation defects were examined by brain magnetic resonance spectroscopic imaging ((1)H MRSI). Brain N-acetylaspartate, choline-containing compounds (Cho), and creatine (Cr) were quantified and compared to with controls.

Developmental delay and magnocellular visual pathway function in very-low-birthweight preterm infants.

This study investigated the effect of very preterm birth (gestation < or =30wks) and very low birth weight (< or =1500g) on the development of magnocellular and parvocellular visual processing streams. Participants were preterm infants (n=55: 31 females, 24 males) born between 24 and 30 weeks'gestation (mean 27.4wks [SD 1.

Influence of the state of alertness on the pattern visual evoked potentials (PVEP) in very young infant.

The aim of the study was to evaluate the pattern visual evoked potentials (PVEP) combined with an optimal state of vigilance, called liberated state (LS), in order to improve testing in very young infants. Transient PVEP were recorded in response to a checkerboard pattern of 120, 60 and 30 min of arc. in 56 fullterm newborns and 79 preterm infants from birth to 4 months of age.

Effects of early reduced light exposure on central visual development in preterm infants.

The aim of this study was to determine, in infants born at < or =29 weeks postmenstrual age until 32 weeks postmenstrual age, whether reduction to light stimulation by occlusion of eyes affected central visual development. The pattern visual-evoked potential responses at 41 and 51 weeks postmenstrual age and 3 y of age did not differ between infants subjected or not to ocular occlusion. Hence, an early marked reduction in light stimulation in preterm infants does not seem deleterious to visual development.

Light induces peroxidation in retina by activating prostaglandin G/H synthase.

Prostaglandin G/H synthase (PGHS) has been shown to generate peroxides to a significant extent in the retina and absorbs light at the lower end of the visible spectrum. We postulated that PGHS could be an important initial source of peroxidation in the retina exposed to light, which would in turn alter retinal function. Exposure of pig eyes (in vivo) to light (350 fc/3770 lx) caused after 3 h a 50% increase and by 5 h a 30% decrease in a- and b-wave amplitudes of the electroretinogram (ERG) which were comparable at 380-650 nm and 380-440 nm but were not observed at wavelengths > 450 nm.

Clinical evaluation of aminocaproic acid for managing traumatic hyphema in children.

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to determine the incidence of secondary hemorrhage after traumatic hyphema in children and to evaluate the efficacy of epsilon aminocaproic acid in reducing this incidence.

Methods: In a prospective, randomized, double-blind study performed between November 1987 and February 1994, 94 children admitted for traumatic hyphema were assigned to receive either aminocaproic acid (n = 48) (100 mg/kg every 4 hours; maximum, 30 g daily) or placebo (n = 46) for 5 days. Patients who had ingested aspirin in the week preceding admission were excluded from the study.

Maturation of binocular pattern visual evoked potentials in normal full-term and preterm infants from 1 to 6 months of age.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the visual development of preterm infants from 1 to 6 mo of age, using the pattern visual evoked potentials (VEP) in response to three check sizes: 60, 30, and 15 min of arc. Pattern VEP were recorded in 24 full-term and 24 preterm infants (26-36 wk of gestation). The results showed a rapid visual maturation between 1 and 3 mo, followed by a slower progression over the next 3 mo, in both groups.

Alterations in the electroretinogram of newborn piglets by propionic acid-derivative nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs but not by indomethacin and diclofenac.

Different nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAID), especially ibuprofen, are being considered as an alternative to indomethacin for use in the newborn and as antipyretics for infants. However, some of these NSAID have been shown to cause visual complications. We therefore studied the effects of different NSAID indomethacin 19.