Herpes Simplex Virus, Human Papillomavirus, and Cervical Cancer: Overview, Relationship, and Treatment Implications.

There is a significant body of research examining the role of human papillomavirus (HPV) in the pathogenesis of cervical cancer, with a particular emphasis on the oncogenic proteins E5, E6, and E7. What is less well explored, however, is the relationship between cervical cancer and herpes simplex virus (HSV). To date, studies examining the role of HSV in cervical cancer pathogenesis have yielded mixed results.

Anemia prevalence time trends and disparities in the US population: examination of NHANES 1999-2020.

While a rising prevalence of anemia in the United States was reported in older studies, recent data are lacking. To estimate the prevalence and time trends of anemia in the United States and to examine how these estimates differ by gender, age, race, and household income to poverty threshold ratio (HIPR), we used the National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys from 1999 to 2020. The presence of anemia was determined using the World Health Organization criteria.

Hepatitis B and Hepatitis D Viruses: A Comprehensive Update with an Immunological Focus.

Hepatitis B virus (HBV) and hepatitis delta virus (HDV) are highly prevalent viruses estimated to infect approximately 300 million people and 12-72 million people worldwide, respectively. HDV requires the HBV envelope to establish a successful infection. Concurrent infection with HBV and HDV can result in more severe disease outcomes than infection with HBV alone.

MDA5-dependent responses contribute to autoimmune diabetes progression and hindrance.

Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is an autoimmune disease resulting in pancreatic β cell destruction. Coxsackievirus B3 (CVB3) infection and melanoma differentiation-associated protein 5-dependent (MDA5-dependent) antiviral responses are linked with T1D development. Mutations within IFIH1, coding for MDA5, are correlated with T1D susceptibility, but how these mutations contribute to T1D remains unclear.

Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV) Epithelial Associated Malignancies: Exploring Pathologies and Current Treatments.

Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is one of eight known herpesviruses with the potential to infect humans. Globally, it is estimated that between 90-95% of the population has been infected with EBV. EBV is an oncogenic virus that has been strongly linked to various epithelial malignancies such as nasopharyngeal and gastric cancer.

Ginkgolic Acid Inhibits Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1 Skin Infection and Prevents Zosteriform Spread in Mice.

Herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) causes a lifelong latent infection with an estimated global prevalence of 66%. Primary and recurrent HSV infections are characterized by a tingling sensation, followed by an eruption of vesicles, which can cause painful erosions. Commonly used antiviral drugs against HSV infection are nucleoside analogues including acyclovir (ACV), famciclovir, and valacyclovir.

Author Correction: Ginkgolic acid inhibits fusion of enveloped viruses.

An amendment to this paper has been published and can be accessed via a link at the top of the paper.

Ginkgolic acid inhibits fusion of enveloped viruses.

Ginkgolic acids (GA) are alkylphenol constituents of the leaves and fruits of Ginkgo biloba. GA has shown pleiotropic effects in vitro, including: antitumor effects through inhibition of lipogenesis; decreased expression of invasion associated proteins through AMPK activation; and potential rescue of amyloid-β (Aβ) induced synaptic impairment. GA was also reported to have activity against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus.