The Role of Mitochondrial Dysfunction in the Development of Acute and Chronic Hepatitis С.

Currently, the issue relating to the discussion raised in this article appears to be for what purposes the hepatitis C virus (HCV) modulates cellular processes, such as antiviral defense, metabolism, apoptosis, and mitochondrial dynamics, by inhibiting the activity or expression of mitochondrial proteins and a number of cellular proteins. Additionally, to what pathological changes do these alterations lead? Thus, the aim of this review is to propose potential protein mitochondrial targets of HCV for the future development of new drugs aimed at inhibiting its interaction with cellular proteins. Considering current analyses in the literature, promising targets for the acute and chronic phases of HCV are proposed which include mitochondrial antiviral signaling (MAVS) (antiviral response protein), Parkin (mitophagy protein), Drp1 (mitochondrial fission protein), subunits 1 and 4 of the electron transport chain (ETC) complex (oxidative phosphorylation proteins), among others.

Potential Use of Antioxidant Compounds for the Treatment of Inflammatory Bowel Disease.

Since inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs) are chronic, the development of new effective therapeutics to combat them does not lose relevance. Oxidative stress is one of the main pathological processes that determines the progression of IBD. In this regard, antioxidant therapy seems to be a promising approach.

Atheroprotective Aspects of Heat Shock Proteins.

Atherosclerosis is a major global health problem. Being a harbinger of a large number of cardiovascular diseases, it ultimately leads to morbidity and mortality. At the same time, effective measures for the prevention and treatment of atherosclerosis have not been developed, to date.

The Role of Mitochondrial Mutations in Chronification of Inflammation: Hypothesis and Overview of Own Data.

Chronic human diseases, especially age-related disorders, are often associated with chronic inflammation. It is currently not entirely clear what factors are responsible for the sterile inflammatory process becoming chronic in affected tissues. This process implies impairment of the normal resolution of the inflammatory response, when pro-inflammatory cytokine production ceases and tissue repair process begins.

Phenotype Diversity of Macrophages in Osteoarthritis: Implications for Development of Macrophage Modulating Therapies.

Chronic inflammation is implicated in numerous human pathologies. In particular, low-grade inflammation is currently recognized as an important mechanism of osteoarthritis (OA), at least in some patients. Among the signs of the inflammatory process are elevated macrophage numbers detected in the OA synovium compared to healthy controls.

Novel Models of Crohn's Disease Pathogenesis Associated with the Occurrence of Mitochondrial Dysfunction in Intestinal Cells.

Crohn's disease remains one of the challenging problems of modern medicine, and the development of new and effective and safer treatments against it is a dynamic field of research. To make such developments possible, it is important to understand the pathologic processes underlying the onset and progression of Crohn's disease at the molecular and cellular levels. During the recent years, the involvement of mitochondrial dysfunction and associated chronic inflammation in these processes became evident.

Functional Phenotypes of Intraplaque Macrophages and Their Distinct Roles in Atherosclerosis Development and Atheroinflammation.

Macrophages are the key inflammatory cell type involved in all stages of atherosclerosis development and progression, as demonstrated by numerous studies. Correspondingly, macrophages are currently regarded as a promising therapeutic target for the development of new treatment approaches. The macrophage population is heterogeneous and dynamic, as these cells can switch between a number of distinct functional states with pro- and anti-atherogenic activity in response to various stimuli.

Local Accumulation of Lymphocytes in the Intima of Human Aorta Is Associated with Giant Multinucleated Endothelial Cells: Possible Explanation for Mosaicism of Atherosclerosis.

Distribution of different types of atherosclerotic lesions in the arterial wall is not diffuse, but is characterized by mosaicism. The causes of such distribution remain to be established. At the early stages of atherogenesis, low-density lipoprotein (LDL) particles and immune cells penetrate into the intimal layer of the arterial wall through the endothelium.

Mitochondrial Dysfunction in Vascular Wall Cells and Its Role in Atherosclerosis.

Altered mitochondrial function is currently recognized as an important factor in atherosclerosis initiation and progression. Mitochondrial dysfunction can be caused by mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) mutations, which can be inherited or spontaneously acquired in various organs and tissues, having more or less profound effects depending on the tissue energy status. Arterial wall cells are among the most vulnerable to mitochondrial dysfunction due to their barrier and metabolic functions.

Recognition of Oxidized Lipids by Macrophages and Its Role in Atherosclerosis Development.

Atherosclerosis is a multifactorial chronic disease that has a prominent inflammatory component. Currently, atherosclerosis is regarded as an active autoimmune process that involves both innate and adaptive immune pathways. One of the drivers of this process is the presence of modified low-density lipoprotein (LDL).

The Role of Mitochondrial Mutations and Chronic Inflammation in Diabetes.

Diabetes mellitus and related disorders significantly contribute to morbidity and mortality worldwide. Despite the advances in the current therapeutic methods, further development of anti-diabetic therapies is necessary. Mitochondrial dysfunction is known to be implicated in diabetes development.

A brief overview of currently used atherosclerosis treatment approaches targeting lipid metabolism alterations.

Non-contagious diseases such as atherosclerosis, diabetes, cardiovascular disease, cancer, chronic respiratory diseases, and mental disorders hold responsibility for major health losses worldwide. Atherosclerosis was found to be the leading cause of deaths due to the major consequences, such as cardiovascular disease, stroke, ischemic heart disease, myocardial infarction, and others. The number of patients with atherosclerosis increases with every passing year.

NADPH Oxidases and Their Role in Atherosclerosis.

The current view on atherosclerosis positions it as a multifactorial disorder that results from the interplay between lipid metabolism disturbances and inflammatory processes. Oxidative stress is proven to be one of the initiating factors in atherosclerosis development, being implicated both in the inflammatory response and in atherogenic modifications of lipoproteins that facilitate lipid accumulation in the arterial wall. The hallmark of oxidative stress is the elevated level of reactive oxygen species (ROS).

Oxidative Stress and Antioxidants in Atherosclerosis Development and Treatment.

Atherosclerosis can be regarded as chronic inflammatory disease affecting the arterial wall. Despite the recent progress in studying the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis, some of the pathogenic mechanisms remain to be fully understood. Among these mechanisms is oxidative stress, which is closely linked to foam cells formation and other key events in atherosclerosis development.

Carotid Atherosclerosis Progression in Postmenopausal Women Receiving a Mixed Phytoestrogen Regimen: Plausible Parallels with Kronos Early Estrogen Replacement Study.

This randomized double-blinded, placebo-controlled clinical trial evaluated the progression of intima-media thickness of common carotid artery (cIMT) and the effect of phytoestrogen therapy on atherosclerosis development in early and late postmenopausal women. The 2-year cIMT progression was evaluated in 315 early postmenopausal women aged 40-55 years and in 231 late postmenopausal women aged 60-69 years free of cardiovascular disease. B-mode ultrasound was done at baseline and after 12 and 24 months of follow-up.

MicroRNAs as Potential Biomarkers in Atherosclerosis.

Atherosclerosis is a complex multifactorial disease that, despite advances in lifestyle management and drug therapy, remains to be the major cause of high morbidity and mortality rates from cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) in industrialized countries. Therefore, there is a great need in reliable diagnostic/prognostic biomarkers and effective treatment alternatives to reduce its burden. It was established that microRNAs (miRNAs/miRs), a class of non-coding single-stranded RNA molecules, can regulate the expression of genes at the post-transcriptional level and, accordingly, coordinate the cellular protein expression.

Transcriptional Characteristics of Activated Macrophages.

Macrophages are key players in human innate immunity that protect the organism from pathologic agents, including infection and malignant cells. The spectrum of their functions includes initiation and maintaining of inflammation, cleaning of pathogens and cell debris, as well as inflammation resolution and tissue remodeling and repair. Such a wide spectrum is reflected by the great variety of macrophage phenotypes based on the activation of distinct transcription patterns in response to different stimuli.

Data on association of mitochondrial heteroplasmy and cardiovascular risk factors: Comparison of samples from Russian and Mexican populations.

Despite the fact that the role of mitochondrial genome mutations in a number of human diseases is widely studied, the effect of mitochondrial heteroplasmy in the development of cardiovascular disease has not been adequately investigated. In this study, we compared the heteroplasmy levels of mtDNA from leukocytes for m.3256C>T, m.

Phytoestrogen-Rich Natural Preparation for Treatment of Climacteric Syndrome and Atherosclerosis Prevention in Perimenopausal Women.

The present study evaluated the risks and benefits of phytoestrogen treatment in healthy perimenopausal women in relation to the dynamics of climacteric syndrome and progression of atherosclerosis. Study participants were treated with placebo or phytoestrogen-rich natural preparation Karinat based on grape (Vitis vinifera) seeds, green tea (Camellia sinensis) leaves, hop (Hunulus lupulus) cone powder and garlic (Allium sativum) powder. The dynamics of climacteric syndrome was evaluated by Kupperman Index and Utian Quality of Life Scale.

Anti-Atherosclerotic Effects of a Phytoestrogen-Rich Herbal Preparation in Postmenopausal Women.

The risk of cardiovascular disease and atherosclerosis progression is significantly increased after menopause, probably due to the decrease of estrogen levels. The use of hormone replacement therapy (HRT) for prevention of cardiovascular disease in older postmenopausal failed to meet expectations. Phytoestrogens may induce some improvements in climacteric symptoms, but their effect on the progression of atherosclerosis remains unclear.

[Can cross-allergic reactions to food antigens be the cause of recurrent pancreatitis in children with food allergies?].

Drug and food allergy in 80% of cases are the cause of duodenal inflammation disrupting the function of the pancreatic ducts. However, in some cases, elimination diet in patients with food allergy does not provide a sufficient effect. The article shows the effect of cross-allergic reactions on recurrent pancreatitis in 28 children with food allergy (mean age 11.

[Direct antiatherosclerotic therapy: possible approaches, results of clinical trials].

The paper discusses the main approaches to slowing the progression and epy regression of atherosclerosis. Lipid and non-lipid treatment of atherosclerosis described. The results of clinical studies of the effect of antiatherosclerotic agents are analyzed.