Non-linear dose response effect of cathodal transcranial direct current stimulation on muscle strength in young healthy adults: a randomized controlled study.

Background: Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) is a technique that modulates brain excitability in humans. Increasing the stimulation intensity or duration within certain limits could enhance tDCS efficacy with a polarity-dependent effect; anodal stimulation increases cortical excitability, whereas cathodal stimulation decreases excitability. However, recent studies have reported a non-linear effect of cathodal tDCS on neuronal excitability in humans, and there is no conclusive result regarding the effect of cathodal tDCS on muscle performance.

Effects of cathodal transcranial direct current stimulation on inhibitory and attention control in children and adolescents with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder: A pilot randomized sham-controlled crossover study.

The pathophysiological of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) includes hypoactivation of the dorso-lateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC). Most studies have used anodal (excitatory) transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) to improve ADHD symptoms, however, a meta-analysis showed limited effect on improving inhibition, and no evidence of attention improvement. We thus present a pilot protocol for investigating the effect of other montage i.

Melatonin attenuates the amphetamine-induced decrease in vesicular monoamine transporter-2 expression in postnatal rat striatum.

The vesicular monoamine transporter-2 (VMAT-2) is responsible for packaging intraneuronal dopamine into synaptic vesicles in preparation for synaptic release and is a critical regulator of cytoplasmic dopamine levels and dopaminergic function. It has long been recognized that VMAT-2 is also a critical mediator of amphetamine-induced dopamine release. Amphetamine-induced lesions during development have the potential to produce numerous permanent abnormalities in neural circuitry and function.