Respiratory syncytial virus NS1 protein degrades STAT2 by using the Elongin-Cullin E3 ligase.

Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection causes bronchiolitis and pneumonia in infants. RSV has a linear single-stranded RNA genome encoding 11 proteins, 2 of which are nonstructural (NS1 and NS2). RSV specifically downregulates STAT2 protein expression, thus enabling the virus to evade the host type I interferon response.

Aqueous humour- and growth factor-induced lens cell proliferation is dependent on MAPK/ERK1/2 and Akt/PI3-K signalling.

The aqueous humour of the eye is a rich source of growth factors, many of which have been shown to be lens cell mitogens; however, the identity of the endogenous mitogen(s) for lens cells is still unknown. As a first approach to identify the mechanisms by which these aqueous humour-derived growth factors induce lens cell proliferation, the present study set out to examine MAPK/ERK1/2 and PI3-K/Akt signalling associated with lens cell proliferation. Using a lens explant system, we examined the effects of different lens mitogens (aqueous humour, FGF, PDGF, IGF and EGF) using 5'-2'-bromo-deoxyuridine incorporation.

Ubiquitination for activation: new directions in the NF-kappaB roadmap.

Signal transduction through the T cell receptor (TCR) and a costimulatory molecule, CD28, results in the stimulation of multiple signaling pathways, leading to the activation of several transcription factors including activator protein-1 (AP-1), nuclear factor of activated T cells (NF-AT), and nuclear factor kappa B (NF-kappaB). The molecular mechanisms by which NF-kappaB is activated by TCR-CD28 have only recently become known. New findings indicate that the adaptor molecules CARMA1 and Bcl10 are essential to the process.