Sex differences in memory clinic patients with possible vascular cognitive impairment.

Introduction: We aimed to establish sex differences in vascular brain damage of memory clinic patients with possible vascular cognitive impairment (VCI).

Methods: A total of 860 memory clinic patients (aged 67.7 ± 8.

Small vessel disease lesion type and brain atrophy: The role of co-occurring amyloid.

Introduction: It is unknown whether different types of small vessel disease (SVD), differentially relate to brain atrophy and if co-occurring Alzheimer's disease pathology affects this relation.

Methods: In 725 memory clinic patients with SVD (mean age 67 ± 8 years, 48% female) we compared brain volumes of those with moderate/severe white matter hyperintensities (WMHs; n = 326), lacunes (n = 132) and cerebral microbleeds (n = 321) to a reference group with mild WMHs (n = 197), also considering cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) amyloid status in a subset of patients (n = 488).

Results: WMHs and lacunes, but not cerebral microbleeds, were associated with smaller gray matter (GM) volumes.

Cerebral amyloid burden is associated with white matter hyperintensity location in specific posterior white matter regions.

White matter hyperintensities (WMHs) are a common manifestation of cerebral small vessel disease. WMHs are also frequently observed in patients with familial and sporadic Alzheimer's disease, often with a particular posterior predominance. Whether amyloid and tau pathologies are linked to WMH occurrence is still debated.

Oxidative stress and endothelial dysfunction are associated with reduced cognition in type 2 diabetes.

Objective: Type 2 diabetes is associated with cognitive dysfunction, but the mechanisms are unknown. We assessed the relationships of biomarkers of oxidation, endothelial function and inflammation with cognition in participants of the CAROLINA trial (CARdiovascular Outcome Trial of LINAgliptin Versus Glimepiride in Type 2 Diabetes).

Methods: Baseline circulating biomarkers of oxidation (8-iso-prostaglandin F2α), endothelial function (asymmetric dimethylarginine, endothelin-1) and inflammation (C-reactive protein, interleukin-6, tumour necrosis factor-α), based on linear regression, were related to cognition on five domains, as measured with an automated battery.

The Clinical Phenotype of Vascular Cognitive Impairment in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus.

Background: Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) increases the risk of vascular cognitive impairment (VCI). It is unknown which type of vascular lesions and co-morbid etiologies, in particular Alzheimer's disease pathology, are associated with T2DM in patients with VCI, and how this relates to cognition and prognosis.

Objective: To compare brain MRI and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) markers, cognition, and prognosis in patients with possible VCI with and without T2DM.

Applicability of diagnostic constructs for cognitive impairment in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus.

Aims: Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is associated with subtle cognitive changes, but also with more severe stages of cognitive dysfunction, including mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and dementia. For these severe stages, it is uncertain which domains are primarily affected and if all patients with impairment are captured by formal criteria for MCI or dementia.

Methods: Ninety-five patients with T2DM suspected of cognitive impairment, identified through screening in primary care, underwent neuropsychological examination assessing five different domains.

Potentials of incretin-based therapies in dementia and stroke in type 2 diabetes mellitus.

Patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus are at risk for accelerated cognitive decline and dementia. Furthermore, their risk of stroke is increased and their outcome after stroke is worse than in those without diabetes. Incretin-based therapies are a class of antidiabetic agents that are of interest in relation to these cerebral complications of diabetes.