Towards Development of a Standard Terminology of the World Health Organization Classification of Tumors of the Central Nervous System in the Turkish Language, and a Perspective on the Practical Implications of the WHO Classification for Low and Middle Income Countries.

In our manuscript, we propose a common terminology in the Turkish language for the newly adopted WHO classification of the CNS tumors, also known as the WHO CNS 5th edition. We also comment on the applicability of this new scheme in low and middle income countries, and warn about further deepening disparities between the global north and the global south. This division, augmented by the recent COVID-19 pandemic, threatens our ability to coordinate efforts worldwide and may create significant disparities in the diagnosis and treatment of cancers between the "haves" and the "have nots".

Intracavitary amphotericin B in the treatment of intracranial aspergillosis.

Intracranial aspergillosis is a rare infectious disease of the central nervous system with high mortality rates. Our aim is to present 3 cases of intracranial aspergillosis who were surgically treated with intracavitary amphotericin B administration. First case was a 21-year-old male patient.

BRAF mutation in colorectal carcinomas with signet ring cell component.

Objective: : Signet ring cell carcinoma is a rare subtype of colorectal carcinoma (CRC) with an associated BRAFV600E mutation. We investigated frequencies of mutation in 28 CRCs containing variable signet ring cell component and their relation with clinicopathologic parameters.

Methods: : According to the presence of signet ring cell component, tumors were categorized into groups as follows: 0%-9%, 10%-24%, 25%-49%, and >50%.

Keratoacanthoma of the conjunctiva in a young patient.

Keratoacanthomas rarely occur in the conjunctiva. We report a case of a 24-year-old man with a rapidly growing conjunctival mass. The tumor was excised with a safety margin to exclude squamous cell carcinoma and was histopathologically diagnosed as a keratoacanthoma.

Evaluation of Etanercept Treatment in Newborn Rat Model with Hyperoxic Lung Injury.

Background: Many factors contribute to the development of BPD basically by increasing inflammation in preterm lungs. However, premature neonates have insufficient anti-inflammatory capacity. We aimed to evaluate the effect of etanercept, an anti-TNF agent, on BPD development in newborn rat model with hyperoxia-induced lung injury.

Mutation analysis of metastatic melanomas in the central nervous system: results of a panel of 5 genes in 48 cases.

Melanocytic lesions in the central nervous system (CNS) may be primary to the site but are more commonly metastases from cutaneous primaries. In fact, melanomas are one of the most common malignancies that can metastasize to the brain, and some patients may not have a diagnosis of melanoma prior to the discovery of the CNS lesion. In such cases, identifying the primary site may be challenging.

APOBEC3B expression in drug resistant MCF-7 breast cancer cell lines.

APOBEC3B belongs to a protein family of cytidine deaminases that can insert mutations in DNA and RNA as a result of their ability to deaminate cytidine to uridine. It has been shown that APOBEC3B-catalysed deamination provides a chronic source of DNA damage in breast cancers. We investigated APOBEC3B expression in four drug resistant breast cancer cell lines (Doxorubicin, Etoposide, Paclitaxel and Docetaxel resistant MCF-7 cell lines) using a novel RNA in situ hybridization technology (RNAscope) and compared expression levels with drug sensitive MCF-7 cell line.

The relation between percentage of immunostained cells and amplification status in breast cancers with equivocal result for Her2 immunohistochemistry.

We analyzed Her2 amplification in breast cancers with equivocal IHC staining to investigate the significance of percentage of Her2 immunostained tumor cells. We especially included the breast cancers with complete/incomplete membrane staining at moderate intensity in less than 10% of the invasive tumor cells. Of 1804 breast cases, 180 had moderate complete/incomplete membrane Her2 immunostaining.

Distinctive immunostaining of claudin-4 in spiradenomas.

The intercellular bridges are essential structures in maintaining the histologic organization of the epithelium, while providing a very efficient way to exchange molecules between cells and transduction of the cell-to-cell and matrix-to-cell signals. Derangement in those important structures' physical integrity and/or function, which can be assessed by the presence or absence of several intercellular bridge proteins including claudin-4, E-cadherin, and β-catenin, was found to be related to several phenomena in the path to the neoplastic transformation. However, these proteins have not been studied in the wide variety of the skin neoplasms, in detail.

Pituitary macroadenomas (>3 cm) in young adulthood: Pathologic and proliferative characteristics.

Background: There are scarce data regarding the significance of the tumor size, hormonal activity and size of the pituitary tumor of the young; therefore, the study was designed to define the relation of the hormonal status of the large pituitary adenomas.

Objective: We compared those features with tumors of the elderly (>40) with the young patients, and analyzed the clinicopathologic and proliferative features of pituitary macroadenomas in young adulthood (≤40).

Methods: 20-year archives of pituitary tumors in our clinics were reviewed and macroadenomas with diameter≥3 cm were included in the study.

Chitosan magnetic nanoparticles for pH responsive Bortezomib release in cancer therapy.

The use of nanotechnology in cancer treatment offers exciting opportunities, including the possibility of destroying tumors with minimal damage to healthy tissue by novel targeted drug delivery systems. pH differences between healthy and tumor microenvironment provide pH responsive release of drugs at tumor site via smart nanoparticles. In this study, chitosan coated superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (CS MNPs) were in situ synthesized by ionic crosslinking method as nanocarrier systems and loaded with the drug Bortezomib (Velcade(®)).

A case of mucosal leishmaniasis: Mimicking intranasal tumor with perforation of septum.

A 79-year-old male suffering from nasal congestion was referred to our hospital. Endoscopic examination revealed a hyperemic mass obstructing the left nasal passage. The lesion's surface was smooth.

Chalkley method in the angiogenesis research and its automation via computer simulation.

The aim of this study was to develop a computer simulation evaluating microvessel density according to the Chalkley method on digital images taken from neovascular hot spots. An image analysis algorithm has been developed using ImageJ, an extensible, open source image processing and analysis software. The idea was to create a virtual Chalkley point array graticule, and to calculate Chalkley counts automatically by stepwise angular rotation of it on the superimposed images containing properly segmented microvessels.

The protective effect of melatonin and S-methylisothiourea treatments in nitrogen mustard induced lung toxicity in rats.

Objectives: Mustard is highly toxic to the lung. Its toxic effects are associated with inflammatory cell accumulation and increased pro-inflammatory cytokines as well as reactive oxygen and nitrogen species. In this study, we aimed to investigate the efficiency of melatonin (MEL) and S-methylisothiourea (SMT) on mechlorethamine (MEC) induced lung toxicity.

Experimental assessment of the neo-vascularisation of acellular dermal matrix in the wound bed pretreated with mesenchymal stem cell under subatmospheric pressure.

Neo-vascularisation of the acellular dermal matrix (ADM) is an essential procedure if a full-thickness wound is closed with ADM and skin is grafted over the ADM. In this study, we aimed to improve the neo-vascularisation of ADM by combining the effects of negative pressure wound therapy (NPWT) and mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) on angiogenesis. In this study, 28 female Sprague-Dawley rats were used and divided into four groups.

Are we counting mitoses correctly?

The number of mitotic figures in a predefined area is essential in pathologic evaluation for most tumors. This information sometimes provides clues in differentiating neoplastic lesions from nonneoplastic ones and sometimes in defining and grading of the tumors as well as prognosticating expected lifetime of the patient. As a generally accepted concept, scanning a certain number of consecutive nonoverlapping areas that are rich in viable tumor cells is required.

The effects of splenectomy on lipid peroxidation and neuronal loss in experimental spinal cord ischemia/reperfusion injury.

Aim: The aim of this study is to investigate the effects of prior splenectomy on oxidative stress and neuronal loss following spinal cord ischemia and reperfusion injury.

Material And Methods: Twenty-one Sprague Dawley rats were randomly divided into three groups as sham laparatomy (n=7), spinal cord ischemia/reperfusion (SCIR) injury (n=7) and splenectomy+spinal cord ischemia/reperfusion (SSCIR) injury (n=7). In the latter group, splenectomy was performed 3 days before the SCIR injury.

The efficacy of bioceramics for the closure of burr-holes in craniotomy: case studies on 14 patients.

Purpose: Bioceramics are currently in use to cover bone defects in orthopedics and craniofacial surgery. But their compatibility and efficacy in cranium were not investigated in detail. The aims of this study were to produce, characterize, and assess the biocompatibility and osteointegration of Si-HA, Si-Sr-HA, HA-Wollastonite, and HA-Wollastonite-Frit bioceramics.

A comparative study of histopathological analysis of filum terminale in patients with tethered cord syndrome and in normal human fetuses.

Background: The structural changes in filum terminale (FT) may be responsible for tethered cord syndrome (TCS) in children. Although the histological changes in FT related to TCS are well-known, there is no comparative study of the changes which occur in TCS and normal fetal FT samples. The aims of this study are to compare the histological changes which occurred in FT samples of TCS and in fetuses, and to point out these changes.

The histopathologic, pharmacologic and urodynamic results of mesenchymal stem cell's injection into the decompensated rabbit's bladder.

Objectives: We researched the survival of bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) and the results of MSCs' injected into decompensated bladders in a rabbit model.

Methods: Partial bladder neck obstruction (PBNO) and subsequent decompensation of the bladder was achieved by wrapping the bladder neck with autologous rectus fascia. In the first aspect of the experiment 18 rabbits underwent MSC injection into the decompensated bladder to prove the survivability of injected MSCs.

Role of cyclooxygenase 2 and endothelial nitric oxide synthetase in preclinical atherosclerosis.

Cyclooxygenase-2 and endothelial nitric oxide (NO) synthase enzymes may have a role in developing preclinical atherosclerosis. Designed groups were as follows: smoke exposed rats before and during pregnancy, only before pregnancy, and controls. Cross-sectional samples of abdominal aorta were examined immunohistochemically.

Passive smoke exposure of female rats caused aortic atherosclerotic precursor lesions in their offspring.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the presence and degree of preclinical atherosclerosis in pups of pregnant rats exposed to cigarette smoke. Abdominal aorta examined for atherosclerotic lesions and intimal medial thickness of the abdominal aorta was measured by image analysis. The study groups showed endothelial cellular losses, marked intimal injuries, elastic fiber damages, mononuclear cellular infiltration, and irregularities in internal elastic membrane, with pronounced damages as integrity losses and local fragmentations.

Is neopterin a diagnostic marker of acute appendicitis?

Background: The diagnosis of acute appendicitis, even for experienced surgeons, can sometimes be complex. A delay in diagnosis increases the complication rate. This experimental study aimed to investigate the suitability and significance of neopterin as a marker for acute appendicitis.

Fascin expression and its potential significance in gastrointestinal stromal tumors.

Background/aims: Fascin is an actin-bundling protein that is important in cell motility. Fascin expression has been shown to have a potential role in tumor progression for some epithelial tumors. However, there are only a few studies related to its expression in mesenchymal tumors.