Disparities in paediatric radiology research publications from low- and lower middle-income countries: a time for change.

The positive impact of diversity on health research and outcomes is well-recognised and widely published. Despite this, published evidence shows that at every step of the research pathway, issues of equity, diversity and inclusion (EDI) arise. There is evidence of a lack of diversity within research teams, in the research questions asked/research participants recruited, on grant review/funding panels, amongst funded researchers and on the editorial boards and reviewer pools of the journals to which results are submitted for peer-reviewed publication.

Deploying Artificial Intelligence for Thoracic Imaging Around the World.

Purpose: Artificial intelligence (AI) thoracic imaging applications are increasingly being deployed in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). Radiologists have a critical gatekeeping role to ensure the effective and ethical implementation of AI solutions. RAD-AID International uses a three-pronged implementation strategy to overcome challenges pervasive in LMICs.

COVID-19: Challenges and coping strategies in radiology departments in Nigeria.

Context: COVID-19 came suddenly, bringing to the fore the challenges inherent in the health system. In a developing country, such as Nigeria, which already had myriad problems with funds and equipment in the health sector.

Aims: This study aims to examine the challenges encountered by the staff in Radiology facilities and how they combated the challenges.

Household air pollution, ultrasound measurement, fetal biometric parameters and intrauterine growth restriction.

Background: Low birthweight, intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) and perinatal mortality have been associated with air pollution. However, intervention studies that use ultrasound measurements to assess the effects of household air pollution (HAP) on fetal biometric parameters (FBP) are rare. We investigated the effect of a cookstove intervention on FBP and IUGR in a randomized controlled trial (RCT) cohort of HAP-exposed pregnant Nigerian women.

Pediatric radiology as a subspecialty in Nigeria: to be or not to be?

We describe the advent of pediatric radiology in Nigeria and the challenges associated with establishing the subspecialty. Nigeria has very few radiologists with a special interest in pediatric radiology caring for more than 82 million children. One major challenge is the lack of interest in the subspecialty owing to the lack of remuneration when compared with others like interventional radiology.

Where COVID-19 testing is challenging: a case series highlighting the role of thoracic imaging in resolving management dilemma posed by unusual presentation.

The COVID-19 pandemic remains an evolving disease posing a challenge of incomplete understanding escalated by random atypical clinical presentations. Numerous challenges still exist with accessibility and availability of standard COVID-19 viral testing using real-time Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-PCR), in low- and middle-income countries, especially in several hospital settings. The clinical information of three select patients at a major health facility in Southwestern Nigeria with unusual COVID-19 clinical presentation and clinical management dilemma related to challenges with COVID-19 viral laboratory testing, were retrospectively reviewed.

Incidence of postpartum urinary retention in a tertiary hospital in Ibadan, Nigeria.

Objective: To determine the incidence of postpartum urinary retention (PUR) after vaginal delivery and associated risk factors.

Methods: A total of 250 women were recruited following vaginal delivery at the UCH, Ibadan. Sociodemographic and obstetrical data were collected using a pro forma.

RSNA Committee on International Radiology Education: 25 Years of Global Education Outreach.

The Radiological Society of North America (RSNA) Committee on International Radiology Education (CIRE) has worked for the past 25 years to create academic programs oriented to the needs of international radiologists. The CIRE develops organized and structured approaches to help build one's capabilities and increase one's capacity for professional growth, which then facilitates better patient care. The authors describe the four programs that CIRE is responsible for and introduces its newest initiative, Global Learning Centers, which is planned to start in 2021.

Capacity for paediatric radiology in Nigeria: a survey of radiologists.

Children account for nearly half the population of Nigeria yet the capacity for effective imaging of children is unknown. In order to determine clinical resources for and challenges of paediatric radiology in Nigeria, certified radiologists at an exit examination in radiology for resident doctors, and resident doctors in radiology attending an update course, completed a semi-structured questionnaire detailing personal information, radiology training, practice and perceived priorities of paediatric radiology in Nigeria. Of 100 questionnaires, 80 were returned, completed (80%) by 46 (58%) certified radiologists, 14 (18%) senior and 20 (25%) junior radiology residents.

The use of uterine artery doppler indices for prediction of pre-eclampsia in Port-Harcourt, Nigeria.

Context: Pre-eclampsia (PrE), a clinical syndrome characterised by elevated blood pressure arising after 20 weeks of gestation, is a leading cause of maternal death worldwide. We evaluated the role of uterine artery Doppler (UtAD) in screening for PrE among unselected, pregnant women.

Methodology: This was a prospective cohort study of 170 healthy gravid women between 18 and 26 weeks of gestation recruited consecutively from the Antenatal Clinic of Braithwaite Memorial Specialist Hospital, Port-Harcourt, Nigeria, between July 2016 and June 2017.

Comparison between testicular volumes as measured with prader orchidometer and ultrasonography in Healthy Nigerian Newborns.

Background: We compared the testicular volume (TV) measured with Prader orchidometer (PO) to the volume measured with ultrasonography in male neonates and their relationships with some selected neonatal characteristics.

Subjects And Methods: A cross-sectional study of all term male neonates who had clinical examination of their external genitalia performed and TV was measured using PO and ultrasonography. Information about the gestational age, birth weight, and birth length was also recorded to determine their relationships with TV measured.

Pregnancy outcomes and ethanol cook stove intervention: A randomized-controlled trial in Ibadan, Nigeria.

Background: Household air pollution (HAP) exposure has been linked to adverse pregnancy outcomes.

Objectives: A randomized controlled trial was undertaken in Ibadan, Nigeria to determine the impact of cooking with ethanol on pregnancy outcomes.

Methods: Three-hundred-twenty-four pregnant women were randomized to either the control (continued cooking using kerosene/firewood stove, n=162) or intervention group (received ethanol stove, n=162).

Breast cancer screening in a resource poor country: Ultrasound versus mammography.

Background: Breast cancer is the commonest female cancer in Nigeria. Despite its increased awareness, affordability of available screening tools is a bane. Mammography, the goal standard for screening is costly and not widely available in terms of infrastructure, technical/personnel capabilities.

Unusual presentations of child abuse: A report of two cases and the role of imaging.

Insufficient attention has been paid to child abuse in Nigeria, where corporal punishment is still acceptable both at home and in the wider public including schools. This is notlimited to the parents; these punitive measures can also be undertaken by the extended family, caregivers, and neighbors. Mild to extreme force is allowed particularly when the crime involves tarnishing the family image.

Renal Doppler Indices in Children with Nephrotic Syndrome: Findings from a Tertiary Hospital in Nigeria.

The resistive and pulsatility indices are known tools for assessing renal function in kidney diseases, especially in proteinuric conditions like Paediatric Nephrotic syndrome (NS) which is a glomerular disease. However, there is a limited knowledge in the use of Doppler Resistive and pulsatility indices in the management of this disease condition. This was a case control study involving 53 cases and 57 controls.

ROLE OF TRANSCRANIAL COLOUR-CODED DUPLEX SONOGRAPHY IN STROKE MANAGEMENT - REVIEW ARTICLE.

The development of transcranial colour-coded duplex sonography (TCCS) has resurrected the hope of safe, real time bedside brain imaging beyond childhood. This review article provides an overview of the role of TCCS in the management of patients with stroke. The objective is to stimulate interest in the field of neurosonology as a potential means of improving neurological outcome for stroke patients and a area for stroke research endeavors in Africa.

Electroencephalography as a tool for evidence-based diagnosis and improved outcomes in children with epilepsy in a resource-poor setting.

Introduction: Electroencephalography (EEG) remains the most important investigative modality in the diagnostic evaluation of individuals with epilepsy. Children living with epilepsy in the developing world are faced with challenges of lack of access to appropriate diagnostic evaluation and a high risk of misdiagnosis and inappropriate therapy. We appraised EEG studies in a cohort of Nigerian children with epilepsy seen in a tertiary center in order to evaluate access to and the impact of EEG in the diagnostic evaluation of the cases.

Do abnormal findings on hystero-salphingographic examination correlate with intensity of procedure associated pain?

The aim of this study is to determine if the intensity and nature of pain during Hystero-Salphingography could give a clue to the presence of abnormal finding/s. Eighty-two patients were recruited over a six-month period. Procedural pain was assessed using the numeric rating scale.

Ultrasonographic renal sizes, cortical thickness and volume in Nigerian children with acute falciparum malaria.

Background: Utility of sonographic assessments of renal changes during malaria illness are rarely reported in African children in spite of the high burden of malarial-related kidney damage.

Methods: In this case-control study, renal sizes, cortical thickness and volume of the kidneys of 131 healthy children and 170 with acute falciparum malaria comprising 85 uncomplicated malaria (UM) and 85 complicated malaria (CM) cases, measured within 24 hours of presenting in the hospital were compared.

Results: The mean age of children with UM, CM and control groups was 49.

Transvaginal ultrasonography: a survey of the acceptability and its predictors among a native African women population.

Objective: To determine the acceptability of transvaginal ultrasonography (TVU) and associated factors among Nigerian women.

Method: A cross-sectional survey was conducted among 3137 women who presented for transabdominal ultrasound scan between August and November 2010 in two referral hospitals in Nigeria. Data were obtained using a questionnaire.

Cranial magnetic resonance imaging findings in kwashiorkor.

Protein energy malnutrition (PEM) is an important public health problem in the developing countries, although it is becoming uncommon in South West Nigeria. Cerebral changes have been associated with severe PEM. This study evaluated the neurological changes using Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) in Ibadan south west Nigeria.

A lethal form of Gorham disease associated with extensive musculoskeletal pneumatosis: case report and review of the literature.

We report here the imaging findings of a rare case of a lethal form of Gorham disease in a young female patient. Multimodality imaging findings over 13 year-follow-up demonstrated progressive wide spread skeletal and soft tissue abnormalities with permeative osteolysis, pathological fractures and severe skeletal deformities. Unusual extensive osseous and soft tissue pneumatosis was illustrated on cross-sectional studies.

Imaging of congenital diaphragmatic hernias.

Congenital diaphragmatic hernias are complex and life-threatening lesions that are not just anatomic defects of the diaphragm, but represent a complex set of physiologic derangements of the lung, the pulmonary vasculature, and related structures. Imaging plays an increasingly important role in the care of these infants. Prenatal sonography and MRI have allowed early and accurate identification of the defect and associated anomalies.