Type-1 diabetes: Lessons from a decade of preclinical studies on phytotherapy.

Background: In recent decades, numerous herbal products have been shown to have antihyperglycemic and beta cell-regenerative effects in animal studies. However, there is no clinical evidence that those products completely cure patients with type-1 diabetes (T1D). Therefore, it seems that most of the phytochemicals do not have a significant impact on human beta cells, and the results of experimental studies conducted on them may not be generalizable to the clinic.

The possible role of pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus (PPT) opioid receptors in the cardiovascular responses in normotensive and hemorrhagic hypotensive rats.

Background: The pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus (PPT) is involved in cardiovascular regulation. The presence of mu (μ) opioid receptors in the PPT nucleus has been determined. In the present study, the role of this nucleus in normotensive conditions and then the role of these receptors on cardiovascular function in hypotension induced by hemorrhage (HEM) were investigated.