A guide to facilitate the creation of a femoral tunnel for arthroscopic ligamentum teres reconstruction: a three-dimensional computed tomography study.

The ideal femoral tunnel passing through the centre of the femoral neck targeted to the footprint of the ligamentum teres (LT) is established during the LT reconstruction surgery with the free-hand technique. We aimed to quantitatively determine the entry site and define the angular orientation of the ideal femoral tunnel with its relevance to the femoral valgus angle (FVA) and the femoral anteversion angle (FAA) to facilitate the creation of an ideal femoral tunnel during the LT reconstruction surgery. A total of 60 randomly selected CT images were obtained to reconstruct three-dimensional femur models.

Perpendicular drill bit alignment provides a practical guidance to determine the appropriate suture anchor insertion angle during acetabular labral repair.

The safe acetabular rim angle is an anatomical measurement used to determine the safety margin when inserting suture anchors. The purpose of the present study was to find out whether aligning the drill bit perpendicularly during arthroscopic surgery can provide a reference point for determining an appropriate angle to facilitate the suture anchor insertion and to prevent extra- and intra-articular perforations. One hundred computed tomographic hips were used to reconstruct three-dimensional acetabular hip models.

Morphometric characteristics of caudal cranial nerves at petroclival region in fetuses.

Morphometric measurements of cranial nerves in posterior cranial fossa of fetus cadavers were carried out in an attempt to identify any asymmetry in their openings into the cranium. Twenty-two fetus cadavers (8 females, 14 males) with gestational age ranging between 22 and 38 weeks (mean 30 weeks) were included in this study. The calvaria were removed, the brains were lifted, and the cranial nerves were identified.

An earplug technique to reduce the gag reflex during dental procedures.

Background: The gag reflex is a frequent problem occurring during dental treatment procedures, especially while making impressions of the maxillary teeth. The present study aims to evaluate the efficacy of a simple earplug as an external auditory canal stimulator to supress the profound gag reflex and as a second step, to map areas of the oropharynx suppressed by this technique.

Methods: In the first step of the study, 90 patients who had a gag reflex during the impression procedure were allocated to a study group, a sham group, and a control group for evaluating the efficacy of the earplug technique.

Myocardial bridges of the coronary arteries in the human fetal heart.

During the last century, many investigators reported on myocardial bridges in the adult human heart. In the present study, 39 human fetal hearts (the mean gestastional age was 30 weeks) were studied for myocardial bridging, and the results were correlated with adult data. Among the 39 (27 male and 12 female) fetal hearts studied, 26 bridges were observed on 18 fetal hearts (46.

The high 2D:4D finger length ratio effects on atherosclerotic plaque development.

Background: The index finger to ring finger length ratio (2D:4D) of the right hand are affected by prenatal testosterone levels in male. To date, it has been determined that the high 2D:4D ratio is related to the myocardial infarction, however no research has revealed the relationship between the high 2D:4D ratio whose coronary artery shows atherosclerotic plaque development.

Objective: The aim of this study was to display the relationship between the 2D:4D ratio and atherosclerosis formation in male autopsy cases.

A preliminary study, using electron and light-microscopic methods, of axon numbers in the fornix in autopsies of patients with temporal lobe epilepsy.

Our objective was to show morphological changes of the fornix in autopsies of patients with temporal lobe epilepsy, which may potentially serve for post-mortem diagnosis. Epileptic and non-epileptic autopsy brains were obtained from the council of forensic medicine between the years 2005 and 2007. In both non-epileptic and epileptic autopsies the mean cross-sectional areas and fiber densities of the right and left fornices were calculated and analyzed.

Connections between the facial, vestibular and cochlear nerve bundles within the internal auditory canal.

The vestibular, cochlear and facial nerves have a common course in the internal auditory canal (IAC). In this study we investigated the average number of nerve fibres, the average cross-sectional areas of the nerves and nerve fibres, and the apparent connections between the facial, cochlear and vestibular nerve bundles within the IAC, using light and scanning electron microscopy. The anatomical localization of the nerves within the IAC was not straightforward.

Drainage patterns of middle lobe vein of right lung: an anatomical study.

Objective: The purpose of the present study was to determine the variations in the drainage patterns of middle lobe vein of the right lung.

Methods: Right lungs of 30 formalin fixed cadavers, were dissected carefully to expose the variations in the venous drainage of their middle lobes. After identifying the pulmonary veins for each lobe, middle lobe vein (MLV) drainage patterns were followed to their openings.

Unique case of trifurcation of the brachial artery: its clinical significance.

The variability of the arteries in the upper extremity is considerable. This case is a report of a trifurcation of the brachial artery that divided into radial, ulnar, and superior ulnar collateral arteries high in the arm; the length of the brachial artery was only 4.9 cm.

Unusual anatomic variation of palmar sensory branches of the ulnar nerve: a case report.

Variant sensory branches of the ulnar nerve were encountered during a routine dissection of the palmar aspects of a cadaver hand. The variant branches were distributed to the ulnar half of the index, ulnar half of the middle, and radial half of the ring fingers. The communicating branch between the superficial ulnar branch and the third common digital branch of the median nerve was absent.