Translation, cultural adaptation, and validation of the PHQ-9 and GAD-7 in Kinyarwanda for primary care in the United States.

Background: Depression and anxiety are significant health burdens that greatly impact the quality of life of refugees and migrants. In this study, we have translated and culturally adapted the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9) and Generalized Anxiety Disorder Screener (GAD-7) into Kinyarwanda and performed a validation study in a United States (US) primary care setting.

Methods: A committee of seven experts including psychiatric and family medicine providers, health researchers, and trained medical interpreters translated and culturally adapted the PHQ-9 and GAD-7, and incorporated feedback from cognitive interviews with bilingual participants.

Estimating the effects of prenatal cannabis exposure on birth outcomes.

Background And Objectives: Prenatal cannabis use prevalence in the United States has increased. Relaxation of state-level cannabis policy may be contributing to the diminished risk perception of using cannabis. The main psychoactive constituent of cannabis, delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol, crosses the placenta, interacting with functional cannabinoid receptors in the fetus.

Characterization of the effects of cannabinoid receptor deletion on energy metabolism in female C57BL mice.

Background: Despite the evidence that energy balance is regulated differently in females and that the endocannabinoid system is sexually dimorphic, previous studies on the endocannabinoid system and energy balance predominantly used male models. Here, we characterize the effects of cannabinoid receptor deletion on body weight gain and glucose metabolism in female C57BL mice.

Methods: Female mice lacking the cannabinoid-1 receptor (CB1R), cannabinoid-2 receptor (CB2R), or both receptors (CB1R/CB2R) and wild-type (WT) mice were fed with a low (LFD; 10% of calories from fat) or high-fat diet (HFD; 45% of calories from fat) for six weeks.

A feasibility study to assess the recruitment and retention of pregnant patients who regularly use cannabis.

Objective: To assess first-trimester recruitment and retention of pregnant patients who regularly used cannabis, but not other substances, measured by willingness to participate in a research study, completion of self-administered electronic questionnaires, and willingness to provide urine samples during each trimester of pregnancy. We designed and launched a prospective feasibility study titled, Cannabis Legalization in Michigan (CALM) - Maternal & Infant Health (MIH), in two Michigan clinics after the recreational use of cannabis became legal for adults 21 years and older.

Results: Over half (52%) of patients asked to participate in CALM-MIH were consented to the study.

Association between sociodemographic factors, clinic characteristics and mental health screening rates in primary care.

Background: Screening for mental health problems has been shown to be effective to detect depression and initiate treatment in primary care. Current guidelines recommend periodic screening for depression and anxiety. This study examines the association of patient sociodemographic factors and clinic characteristics on mental health screening in primary care.

Racial disparities in emergency department utilization among patients with newly diagnosed depression.

Objective: To test the hypothesis that racial and ethnic minorities have increased emergency department visit rates, despite being established with a primary care provider.

Methods: In this retrospective cohort study, ED visits without hospital admission in a 12-month period among patients with a new primary care provider-issued diagnosis of depression were assessed. Electronic medical record (EMR) data was obtained from 47 family medicine clinics in a large Michigan-based healthcare system.

Trends in cocaine use among United States females of reproductive age, 2005-2019.

Background And Objectives: The prevalence of cocaine use has increased in the United States, with an estimated 5.5 million people have used it at least once in 2019. We report trends in cocaine use for reproductive age females who participated in the National Survey on Drug Use and Health (NSDUH, 2005-2019).

Nausea and vomiting of pregnancy and prenatal cannabis use in a Michigan sample.

Background: Nausea and vomiting of pregnancy, also referred to as morning sickness, affects more than 70% of all pregnancies. Symptoms range from mild to severe and, in some cases, can be debilitating, resulting in a reduced quality of life. Moreover, prenatal cannabis use prevalence has doubled in the United States, and cannabis potency, measured by the concentration of delta-9-tetrahydrocannabiniol, has increased from 10% in 2009 to 14% in 2019.

Mental Health Screening Differences in Non-English Speaking Patients: Results From a Retrospective Cohort Study.

Purpose: To assess differences in mental health screening based on patient's preferred language.

Methods: For this retrospective cohort study, data for 85 725 unique patients from 10 primary care clinics in West Michigan were analyzed if patients received at least 1 mental health screening with the Patient Health Questionnaire 4 (PHQ-4) within a 12-month period (10/15/2021-10/14/2022). A general linear regression model was used to assess the adjusted odds ratios (aOR) of being screened.

Prescription Psychotherapeutic Drug Use and Nicotine Use among Young People in the United States.

While prescription psychotherapeutic drug use (PPDU) and nicotine use pose substantial problems in isolation, they pose an increased risk in combination. This study aimed to estimate the prevalence of PPDU for young people, stratified by nicotine use status. A trend analysis was used to examine changes in PPDU and nicotine use over time.

Cannabis use and gastrointestinal tract illnesses: The National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys, 2005-2018.

Introduction: The antiemetic properties of cannabis have motivated its use in the management of chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting. Conversely, case reports of intractable vomiting among heavy cannabis users have increasingly appeared in the literature. Studies on cannabis and gastrointestinal tract (GIT) health are scare.

Impact of limited English proficiency on the control of diabetes and associated cardiovascular risk factors. The National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 2003-2018.

Language barriers pose a challenge to managing health conditions for various personal, interpersonal, and structural reasons. This study estimates the impact of limited English proficiency (LEP) on diabetes mellitus control and associated cardiovascular risk factors in a large representative sample of United States adults. Cross-sectional data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES, 2003-18) was used to estimate the impact of language proficiency on glycemic control (glycated hemoglobin [HbA1c]) and cardiovascular risk status (blood pressure [BP] and low-density lipoprotein [LDL]) in adult participants with known diabetes disease.

Trends and Characteristics of Prenatal Cannabis Use in the U.S., 2002-2019.

Introduction: The prevalence of prenatal cannabis use has nearly doubled in the U.S. from 2002 to 2017.

Tobacco cigarette and cannabis use among new mothers.

Background And Aims: In the United States, the prevalence of cannabis use during pregnancy has increased whereas tobacco smoking has decreased. This study aimed to estimate the prevalence of tobacco cigarette smoking and cannabis use among new mothers, stratified by breastfeeding status. Additionally, trend analysis was used to examine changes in tobacco and cannabis use over time.

Visit-to-visit variability in blood pressure among cannabis users participating in the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey.

Objective: Blood pressure variability (BPV) has emerged as an important predictor of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. Plausible biological mechanisms link cannabis use and blood pressure (BP) regulation. Here, we assess the relationship between cannabis use and BPV, measured by the SD and coefficient of variation across three separate study visits.

Trends in heroin use among women of reproductive age in the United States, 2004-2017.

Opioid use during pregnancy has been linked to several adverse outcomes including stillbirth, preterm birth and neonatal abstinence syndrome. Recent data suggest that heroin use has increased in the United States (US) whereas prescription opioid use has decreased. Prevalence estimates for reproductive age women combine heroin and non-medical prescription opioid use, which might mask the increasing heroin trend.

Cannabis use prevalence among individuals with diabetes: The National Survey on Drug Use and Health, 2005-2018.

Background: The aim of the current study is to estimate cannabis use prevalence among individuals with diabetes participating in the United States (US) National Survey on Drug Use and Health (NSDUH), 2005-2018. Plausible biological mechanisms link cannabis use and metabolic regulation. Cannabis use can also alter perception and adherence to treatment especially among patients with insulin-dependent diabetes.

The Association of Sleep Duration and the Use of Electronic Cigarettes, NHANES, 2015-2016.

Unlabelled: . The unknown effects of electronic cigarettes are public health concerns. One potential effect of electronic cigarette fluid constituents, such as nicotine, may influence sleep.

Cannabis use among women of reproductive age in the United States: 2002-2017.

Background: In this study of cannabis use in large nationally representative samples of United States (US) women aged 12-44 years, we evaluate variation by pregnancy month and by trimester. We also evaluate cannabis dependence, which might explain why some women continue using cannabis during pregnancy.

Methods: Large nationally representative samples drawn for the US National Surveys on Drug Use and Health included 12-44-year-old women asked about pregnancy month, cannabis use, and cannabis dependence (n = 381,199).

Cannabis Use and Markers of Systemic Inflammation: The Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults Study.

Background: It is unclear whether cannabis use in humans plays a role in the regulation of inflammatory responses. This study aimed to examine cannabis-attributable immunomodulation as manifested in levels of fibrinogen, C-reactive protein (CRP), and interleukin-6 (IL-6).

Methods: The Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults (CARDIA) study is a cohort of 5115 African-American and Caucasian males and females enrolled in 1985-1986, and followed up for over 25 years, with repeated measures of cannabis use.

Are cannabis users less likely to gain weight? Results from a national 3-year prospective study.

Background: Pre-clinical studies indicate increased food intake and weight gain as cannabinoid effects. Cross-sectional epidemiological studies, however, indicate lower prevalence of obesity among cannabis users. Here, we aim to study the weight-gain research question in the prospectively conducted National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions (NESARC).

Diet-Induced Obesity in Cannabinoid-2 Receptor Knockout Mice and Cannabinoid Receptor 1/2 Double-Knockout Mice.

Objective: Evidence suggests that cannabinoid-1 receptor (CB1R) activation is associated with increased food intake and body weight gain. Human epidemiological studies, however, show decreased prevalence of obesity in cannabis users. Given the overlapping and complementary functions of the cannabinoid receptors (CB1R and CB2R), mice lacking CB2R and mice lacking both CB1R and CB2R were studied.