Tissue Accumulation, Cytotoxicity, Oxidative Stress, and Immunotoxicity in African Catfish, Clarias gariepinus Exposed to Sublethal Concentrations of Hexavalent Chromium.

Hexavalent chromium (Cr) is one of the stable oxidation states of chromium that has been reported to elicit various toxic effects in aquatic organisms. However, the mechanisms of Cr toxicity are still poorly understood. Thus, the present study investigated the tissue accumulation, cytotoxic, oxidative stress, and immunotoxic effects of Cr in juvenile Clarias gariepinus.