A 5-year review of research ethics applications in a tertiary health and educational institution in Nigeria.

Background: African contribution to global research output is said to be low. Poor funding and poor skills in grant writing have been suggested as important factors for this situation.

Objectives: Applications for research ethics clearance in a hospital were reviewed to have an overview of the planned studies and the proportion of them that attracted national and international funding.

Correlation of Doppler ultrasound resistive index in the prostatic gland with severity of male lower urinary tract symptoms, prostate volume, and concomitant diabetes mellitus.

Introduction: Benign prostatic enlargement (BPE) and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) are common in elderly men. This study aimed to correlate the Doppler resistive indices of prostatic arteries with the severity of lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) and prostate volume in men with concomitant BPE and T2DM.

Material And Methods: Fifty men with T2DM and BPE (BPE-DM) as cases and 50 age-matched men with BPE but no T2DM (BPE-ND) as controls were enrolled.

Hepatic Function Predictive Value of Hepatic Venous Waveform versus Portal Vein Velocity in Liver Cirrhosis.

Background: This study assessed the hepatic vein waveform (HVW) and mean maximum portal vein velocity (MM-PVV) on Doppler ultrasound in patients with liver cirrhosis (LC) and compared it with that of age and sex-matched controls. It correlated the degree of HVW abnormality and MM-PVV changes with liver function based on Child-Turcotte-Pugh (CTP) to determine which was more predictive of CTP.

Methods: Sixty patients with LC and 60 healthy controls were consecutively recruited into this study.

Determination of the Effective Site for Percutaneous Achilles Tenotomy in Ponseti Management of African Idiopathic Clubfoot.

Background: Percutaneous Achilles tenotomy is an essential step in the Ponseti treatment of idiopathic clubfoot, with reported complications such as injury to the surrounding neurovascular structures and incomplete division of the Achilles tendon (AT). Knowledge of AT thickness would guide tenotomy blade insertion depth, obviating these related complications. We embarked on this study to ultrasonographically determine AT thickness at its different levels from the calcaneal insertion in children with idiopathic clubfoot.

Abnormal Lower Extremity Hemodynamics at Doppler US in Children with Sickle Cell Anemia.

Background Children with sickle cell anemia (SCA) are predisposed to developing leg ulcers in early adolescence; however, the underlying physiologic mechanisms are not well understood, which hinders the development of prophylactic antiulcer interventions. Purpose To determine if occlusive arterial disease or abnormal hemodynamics exist in the lower limb peripheral arteries of children with SCA. Materials and Methods This was a prospective cross-sectional study conducted between July 2020 and May 2021.

Differences in COVID-19 Preventive Behavior and Food Insecurity by HIV Status in Nigeria.

The aim of the study was to assess if there were significant differences in the adoption of COVID-19 risk preventive behaviors and experience of food insecurity by people living with and without HIV in Nigeria. This was a cross-sectional study that recruited a convenience sample of 4471 (20.5% HIV positive) adults in Nigeria.

Renal arterial resistance index among subjects with liver cirrhosis in a Nigerian population.

Purpose: To describe the relationship between renal artery resistance index (RARI) and liver function based on Child-Pugh system among patients with liver cirrhosis (LC) in Southwest Nigeria.

Methods: About 50 patients with LC and 50 controls were consecutively recruited into this prospective comparative case control study. Each LC patient was classed based on Child-Turcotte-Pugh (CTP) system after relevant tests.

Ultrasound assessment of normal liver, spleen, and kidney dimensions in southwest Nigerian children: a bedside formula for sonologists.

Background: Knowledge of the normal sizes of the liver, spleen, and kidneys is important to radiologists when assessing for pathology using ultrasound scan. The need for a local determination of a easy-to-use formula for estimating the expected normal sonographic dimensions of these organs in children in order to serve as baseline when assessing them for pathology cannot be over emphasized.

Purpose: To determine ultrasonographic sizes of the liver, spleen, and kidneys among primary school children in southwestern Nigeria and correlate these with anthropometric measures to provide local reference data and an easy-to-use formula for assessing these organs for pathology in clinical practice.

Association between Endothelial Dysfunction, Biomarkers of Renal Function, and Disease Severity in Sickle Cell Disease.

Background: Endothelial dysfunction (ED), as ascertained by brachial artery flow-mediated dilation (FMD), is a known feature of sickle cell disease (SCD), which is present both in crisis and in steady state. The assessment of FMD was introduced to examine the vasodilator function. Our objective was to establish the relationship between ED determined by FMD, biomarkers of renal dysfunction, and biomarkers of disease severity in SCD subjects asymptomatic of renal disease.

Transrectal Doppler Sonography of Benign Prostatic Enlargement in Nigerian Men.

Background: Transrectal ultrasonography (TRUS) is the best route for examining the prostate gland because of transducer proximity, elaboration of zonal anatomical details, and Doppler assessment of prostatic arteries' hemodynamics.

Materials And Methods: This was a cross-sectional study of 300 men with benign prostatic enlargement (BPE) and 300 healthy age-matched controls. The resistive index (RI) of the left capsular, right capsular and urethral arteries were assessed by TRUS and correlated with these parameters: maximum urine flow rate ( ), total prostatic volume (TPV), transitional zone volume (TZV), transitional zone index (TZI), presumed circle area ratio, and the International Prostatic Symptoms Score (IPSS).

Intima-media thickness of the common carotid arteries as a marker of retinopathy and nephropathy in sickle cell disease.

Purpose: This study was conducted to test the hypothesis that the carotid intima-media thickness (CIMT) is higher in patients with sickle cell disease (SCD) than in the normal population, and to determine the relationships of the CIMT with central retinal artery (CRA) and renal artery Doppler indices.

Methods: Forty-four confirmed steady-state SCD patients aged 16 years and above were recruited consecutively. The Doppler velocimetric indices of their right renal artery and both CRAs were obtained.

Sonographic Evaluation of the Achilles Tendon and Plantar Fascia of Type 2 Diabetics in Nigeria.

Background: The aim of this study is to compare the Achilles tendon (AT) thickness (ATT) and plantar fascia (PF) thickness (PFT) of diabetics with and without peripheral neuropathy (PN) to that of a control population.

Materials And Methods: B-mode sonography of the AT and PF was done. Correlation analysis was used to determine the relationship between ATT and PFT with demographic data such as body mass index, duration of diabetes, and presence of PN.

Carotid Intima-Media Thickness: A Surrogate Marker for Cardiovascular Disease in Chronic Kidney Disease Patients.

Background: Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading cause of mortality in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD). Carotid intima-media thickness (CIMT) is a measure of atherosclerotic vascular disease and considered a comprehensive picture of all alterations caused by multiple cardiovascular risk factors over time on the arterial walls. We therefore sought to determine the CIMT of the common carotid artery in patients with CKD and to evaluate the clinical pattern and prevalence of CVD in CKD patients.

Doppler ultrasonographic evaluation of celiac and mesenteric arteries in subjects with sickle cell disease.

Vasculopathy, as occurring in sickle cell disease (SCD), can affect celiac and mesenteric arteries and result in stenosis, with elevated peak systolic velocity (PSV) on Doppler ultrasonography. In six subjects with confirmed SCD in steady state, routine Doppler ultrasonographic examination discovered features of celiac artery (CA) or superior mesenteric artery (SMA) stenosis with CA PSV >200 cm/s (median = 222.8 cm/s; range = 201.

Intima-media thickness of the common femoral artery as a marker of leg ulceration in sickle cell disease patients.

Leg ulceration is a debilitating chronic complication of sickle cell disease (SCD) the pathogenesis of which is yet to be fully elucidated. We hypothesized that SCD patients with histories of previous leg ulcers would have intima hyperplasia of the common femoral artery (CFA). We enrolled 44 SCD patients and 33 age-matched and sex-matched controls with hemoglobin AA.

Relationship between masseter muscle thickness and maxillofacial morphology in pre-orthodontic treatment patients.

This study investigated the relationship between masseter muscle thickness and cephalometric facial parameters in pre-orthodontic treatment patients. Participants were grouped according to their vertical facial patterns into low, normal, and high angle facial patterns using standardised lateral cephalometric radiograph. Associations between the masseter muscle thickness (measured using ultrasonography) and different vertical facial patterns were analysed.

Uterine artery Doppler velocimetry in hypertensive disorder of pregnancy in Nigeria.

Aim Of The Study: To evaluate the value of uterine artery Doppler indices and waveform pattern in predicting fetuses at risk for intrauterine growth restriction in hypertensive disorders of pregnancy.

Materials And Methods: This was a prospective cross-sectional study including 80 pregnant subjects with hypertensive disorders of pregnancy and two control groups. Uterine artery Doppler sonography was performed in all study participants.

Sphenoid Sinus Pneumatization, Septation, and the Internal Carotid Artery: A Computed Tomography Study.

Background: The air spaces of the nasal cavity and the sphenoid sinus (SS) constitute a convenient corridor to access lesions of the skull base using the endoscopic endonasal transsphenoidal approach (EETA). Safe EETA depends on the SS and skull base anatomy of the patient. Individual variations exist in the degree and pattern of SS pneumatization.

Sonographic detection of inferior subluxation in post-stroke hemiplegic shoulders.

Aim Of The Study: To evaluate the usefulness of ultrasonographic acromion-greater tuberosity distance measurement and Shoulder ratio in detecting post-stroke inferior shoulder subluxation.

Material And Methods: Forty-five hemiplegic stroke patients and 45 controls underwent shoulder sonography to measure their acromion-greater tuberosity distance. Side-to-side acromion-greater tuberosity distance differences and Shoulder ratios were derived from the acromion-greater tuberosity distance values.

Sonographic Evaluation of Structural Changes in Post-Stroke Hemiplegic Shoulders.

Background: Stroke and hemiplegia are frequent complications of stroke. This study was performed to sonographically evaluate post-stroke hemiplegic shoulders and explore possible relationship(s) between the sonographic findings and clinical indices.

Material/methods: Forty-five stroke patients and 45 age- and sex-matched controls were recruited.

Hepatobiliary Ultrasonographic Abnormalities in Adult Patients with Sickle Cell Anaemia in Steady State in Ile-Ife, Nigeria.

Background: Sickle cell anaemia (SCA) is associated with structural manifestations in the hepatobiliary axis. This study aimed to investigate the hepatobiliary ultrasonographic abnormalities in adult patients with sickle cell anaemia in steady state attending the Haematology clinic of a federal tertiary health institution in Ile-Ife, Nigeria.

Material/methods: Basic demographic data as well as right upper abdominal quadrant ultrasonography of 50 consecutive sickle cell anaemia patients were compared with those of 50 age- and sex-matched subjects with HbAA as controls.

Sonographic Evaluation of Endothelial Function in Brachial Arteries of Adult Stroke Patients.

Objectives: Brachial artery flow-mediated dilatation on sonography is used to evaluate endothelial dysfunction, which is a key event in the development of atherosclerosis and predates structural atherosclerotic lesions by many years. Atherosclerosis has been implicated in the pathophysiologic mechanisms of ischemic stroke. The aim of this study was to determine the association between brachial flow-mediated dilatation, the presence of cardiovascular risk factors, and acute stroke.

Reference Ranges of Fetal Cerebral Lateral Ventricle Parameters by Ultrasonography.

 This study was done to evaluate the normal fetal cerebral lateral ventricle dimensions with transabdominal ultrasonography. The atrial width (AW), ventricle-to-choroid measurement (V-C), ventricle-to-hemisphere ratio (VHR), and combined anterior horn measurement (CAHM) were taken.  This was a cross-sectional study involving 400 normal singleton pregnant subjects whose gestational ages were between 14 and 40 weeks.

Normogram of umbilical artery Doppler indices in singleton pregnancies in south-western Nigerian women.

Aim: To determine the Doppler indices of the umbilical arteries in normal singleton pregnancy with a view to generating local reference ranges.

Methods: In this prospective, cross-sectional study, 400 pregnant women at 15-39 weeks' gestational age, with estimated fetal weight within the 10th and 90th percentile, no fetal malformation(s), and without any history of maternal medical disease, were recruited. Umbilical arteries were assessed on ultrasound, with the subjects in the supine position.