Antiplasmodial evidence, host mitochondrial biology and possible mechanisms of action of a composite extract of and in -infected mice.

A. Juss (Meliaceae) (AI) and L. (Zingiberaceae) (CL) are used for malaria treatment but their anti-glycolytic and host mitochondrial effects have not been studied.

Protective Potential of Methanol Extract of Drymaria cordata Willd. ex Schult (MEDC) on Letrozole-Induced Polycystic Ovary Syndrome Via Modulation of Apoptotic Markers, Sex Hormones and Antioxidant Status in Rat Model.

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a gynecological disorder among reproductive-aged women and a major cause of infertility. Different treatment options are being employed but with side effects. This has mandated alternative treatment options, especially complementary therapy.

Mefloquine-curcumin combinations improve host mitochondrial respiration and decrease mitotoxic effects of mefloquine in -infected mice.

infection is a health challenge. Although, antiplasmodial drugs kill the parasites, information on the effects of infection and drugs on the expression of some genes is limited. Malaria was induced in two different studies using NK65 (chloroquine-susceptible, study 1), and ANKA (chloroquine-resistant, study 2) strains of in 30 male Swiss mice (n = 5) in each study.

Mechanism of antimalarial action and mitigation of infection-mediated mitochondrial dysfunction by phyto-constituents of Andrographis paniculata ((Burm f.) Wall. ex Nees) in Plasmodium berghei-infected mice.

Ethnopharmacological Relevance: Andrographis paniculata (AP) ((Burm f.) Wall. ex Nees) is a medicinal plant, documented for its folkloric use in the treatment of malaria.

Chloroform Fraction of Linn (CFDC) Suppresses Estradiol Benzoate- Induced Endometrial Hyperplasia.

Background: The diagnosis of uterine dysfunction (endometrial hyperplasia) is on the rise. The available treatment is quite expensive and associated with some side effects. The therapeutic potential of natural products is now being explored, as they are easily available with little or no side effects.

Hexane fraction of induces mitochondria-mediated apoptosis in -infected mice.

Background: Apoptosis is a common pathology in malaria and most antimalarial drugs induce apoptosis during chemotherapy. is an African mistletoe used for the treatment of malaria but its effect on mitochondria-mediated apoptosis is not known.

Methods: Malarial infection was induced by the intraperitoneal injection of NK 65 strain -infected erythrocytes into mice which were treated with graded doses (100-400 mg/kg) of methanol extract (ME), and fractions of -hexane, dichloromethane, ethylacetate and methanol (HF, DF, EF and MF) for 9 days after the confirmation of parasitemia.

In vitro effects of 2-methyl-3-propylbutane-1,4-diol purified from Alstonia boonei on erythrocyte membrane stabilization and mitochondrial membrane permeabilization.

A recent review on the ethnomedicinal, chemical, pharmacological, and toxicological properties of Alstonia boonei revealed the plant's potential in the treatment and management of a range of diseases. However, most of these pharmacological effects are only traceable to the crude form of the plant extract and not specific natural products. Phytochemical investigation of the methanol fraction of the methanol extract of the stem-bark of Alstonia boonei led to the isolation and identification of 2-methyl-3-propylbutane-1,4-diol.

The roles of betulinic acid on circulating concentrations of creatine kinase and immunomodulation in mice infected with chloroquine-susceptible and resistant strains of .

Complete malarial therapy depends largely on the immunological and inflammatory response of the host to the invading potentials of malarial parasite. In this study, we evaluated the roles of betulinic acid on immunological response, anti-inflammatory potentials, cardiac and skeletal muscle tissue damage in mice infected with chloroquine susceptible (NK 65) and resistant (ANKA) strains of . Serum Interleukins 1β and 6 (IL-1β, IL-6), tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), immunoglobulins G and M (IgG and IgM), C-reactive protein (CRP) and creatine kinase (CK) were determined using ELISA technique.

Cajanus cajan ameliorated CCl-induced oxidative stress in Wistar rats via the combined mechanisms of anti-inflammation and mitochondrial-membrane transition pore inhibition.

Ethnopharmacological Relevance: Liver diseases is a public health issue in sub-saharan Africa and has been reported to be the major cause of many hospital admissions. Oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction and inflammation play important roles in several diseases including liver injury. Cajanus cajan is an indigenous medicinal plant useful in the traditional treatment of jaundice, inflammation and liver injury.

Curcumin modulates multiple cell death, matrix metalloproteinase activation and cardiac protein release in susceptible and resistant Plasmodium berghei-infected mice.

Pro-inflammatory signaling, cell death, and metalloproteinases activation are events in Plasmodium infection. However, it is not known if treatment with mefloquine (MF), and curcumin (CM) supplementation, will modulate these conditions. Malaria was induced in two different studies using susceptible (NK 65, study 1) and resistant (ANKA, study 2) strains of mouse malaria parasites (Plasmodium berghei) in thirty male Swiss mice (n = 5) in each study.

Terpene-rich fractions of Ficus mucoso (Welw) modulate lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammatory mediators and aberrant permeability of the inner mitochondrial membrane in murine animal model.

Ficus mucoso is traditionally used to treat bronchial infections. This study compared the efficacy of terpene-rich fractions of F. mucoso root bark on lipopolysaccharide(LPS)-induced inflammation, liver mitochondrial permeability transition (mPT), an index of mitochondrial health, and associated pathological alterations.

Antimalarial and Erythrocyte Membrane Stability Properties of (Engle Van Tiegh) Growing on Cocoa in -Infected Mice.

Introduction: Resistant malaria is a fatal disease. (African Mistletoe) is traditionally used for malarial treatment but this fact has not been scientifically reported.

Methods: (NK65)-infected male Swiss mice (20±2 g) were treated orally and once daily with 100, 200, and 400 mg/kg BW of methanol extract and its respective hexane, dichloromethane and ethyl acetate fractions for 9 days.

Anti-Inflammatory Potentials of the n-Hexane Fraction of Stem Bark in Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Inflammation in Wistar Rats.

Background: Inflammation is a protective response of the host to infections and tissue damage and medicinal plants have been used to regulate inflammatory response. The phytochemical contents of the -hexane fraction of and their anti-inflammatory potentials in lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammation were investigated in rat liver.

Materials And Methods: A quantity of 5 mg/kg lipopolysaccharide (LPS) was used to induce inflammation in twenty-five male Wistar rats, grouped (n = 5) and treated as follows: negative control (10 mL/kg saline), positive control (1 mg/kg ibuprofen); 50, 100 and 20 mg/kg of the -hexane fraction of were administered to test groups.

INFLUENCE OF ARTESUNATE COMBINATIVE THERAPY CO-ADMINISTRATION WITH RUTIN ON INFLAMMATORY CYTOKINES AND IMMUNOGLOBULINS IN PLASMODIUM BERGHEI-INFECTED MICE.

Some antimalarial drugs are immune-modulators that impact multiple pathways of innate immunity in malarial treatment. However, information on the immunomodulatory effects of artequine and rutin in the treatment of malaria remains elusive. Twenty-five Swiss mice (18 ± 2 g) were used for this study.

Quercetin and vitamin E attenuate diabetes-induced testicular anomaly in Wistar rats via the mitochondrial-mediated apoptotic pathway.

The role of quercetin and vitamin E treatment against streptozotocin (STZ)-induced testicular abnormalities in diabetic rats and the possible mechanism of action they use for protection were investigated. Diabetes was induced by STZ (45 mg/kg i.p.

Fractions of Ageratum conyzoides L. (Compositae) induce mitochondrial-mediated apoptosis in rats: Possible option in monosodium glutamate-induced hepatic and uterine pathological disorder.

Ethnopharmacological Relevance: Several pathological disorders have been attributed to either oxidative stress or defect in apoptotic signaling pathway. Some bioactive compounds elicit their antiproliferative properties by induction of apoptosis via mitochondrial permeability transition (mPT) pore opening.

Aim Of Study: The present study therefore investigated the effects of various fractions of methanol extract of Ageratum conyzoides L.

Modulatory effect of methanol extract of stem bark on mitochondrial membrane permeability transition pore in normal rat liver and monosodium glutamate-induced uterine hyperplasia.

Objectives: Uterine fibroids are benign tumors that develop in many women of reproductive age. Surgery is the main approach to treatment while other options are also associated with adverse effects. Studies have shown that certain bioactive agents present in medicinal plants elicit their anti-tumor activity by induction of mitochondrial permeability transition (mPT) opening.

Comparative antimalarial, toxicity and mito-protective effects of Diospyros mespiliformis Hochst. ex A. DC. and Mondia whitei (Hook.f.) Skeels on Plasmodium berghei infection in mice.

Ethnopharmacological Relevance: Diospyros mespiliformis Hochst. ex A. DC.

Antimalarial properties and preventive effects on mitochondrial dysfunction by extract and fractions of (Schum. and Thonn) in -infected mice.

Objectives: Broad spectrum antimalarial drugs without deleterious effects on mitochondria are scarce. It is in this regard that we investigated the potency of methanol extract and solvent fractions of on chloroquine-susceptible and resistant strains of , toxicity and its consequential effects on mitochondrial permeability transition (mPT) pore opening.

Methods: Malaria was induced in male Swiss mice with susceptible (NK 65) strain, divided into groups (n=5) and treated with 100, 200 and 400 mg/kg of methanol extract, -hexane, dichloromethane, ethylacetate and methanol fractions daily for seven days.

Effect of Gloriosa superba linn (EEGS) on mPT and monosodium glutamate-induced proliferative disorder using rat model.

Ethnopharmacological Relevance: Hyperplasia, Tumors and cancers are various forms of proliferative disorders affecting humans. Surgery is the main treatment approach while other options are also associated with adverse effects. There is therefore a need for the development of better alternative therapy that is cost effective and readily available with little or no adverse effect.

Monosodium Glutamate Induces Cytotoxicity in Rat Liver via Mitochondrial Permeability Transition Pore Opening.

Monosodium glutamate (MSG) is a major food additive used as a flavor enhancer. A lot of controversies have been generated over the use of MSG. The present study therefore investigated whether MSG would induce cytotoxicity via the induction of mitochondrial permeability transition (mPT) pore opening.

Methanol extract and fraction of root tuber modulate liver mitochondrial membrane permeability transition pore opening in rats.

Objective: Extracts of (AD) are used in folkloric medicine to treat several diseases and infections. However, their roles in mitochondrial permeability transition pore opening are not known.

Materials And Methods: The viability of mitochondria isolated from Wistar rat liver used in this experiment, was assessed by monitoring their swelling amplitude in the absence of calcium and reversal of calcium-induced pore opening by spermine.

Opening of liver mitochondrial permeability transition pore in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats and its inhibition by methanol fraction of Ficus mucoso (Welw) root bark.

Objective: Several pathologies arise from the inappropriate opening of the mitochondrial permeability transition (mPT) pore. In this regard, inhibition of mPT pore represents a cytoprotective approach to preserve mitochondrial function for treatment of diseases characterized by excessive tissue wastage such as diabetes mellitus. The aim of this study, therefore, was to study the effects of fractions of Ficus mucoso, a medicinal plant used in the traditional treatment of diabetes, on mPT pore in normal and streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rat liver.

Chemotherapeutic and prophylactic antimalarial drugs induce cell death through mitochondrial-mediated apoptosis in murine models.

Malaria is a parasitic disease that has defied many treatment plans. This study was carried out to investigate the host mitochondrial response to malarial infection and selected antimalarial chemotherapy using murine models. The effects of artesunate (ART) and proguanil (PRG) on mitochondrial Permeability Transition (mPT), mitochondrial ATPase (mATPase), level of malondialdehyde (MDA) and activities of antioxidant enzymes; catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), Xanthine oxidase (XO), glutathione S-transferase (GST) and reduced glutathione (GSH) were estimated in -infected mice treated with ART and PRG.