Visualization of electric fields and associated behavior in fish and other aquatic animals.

In some fish lineages, evolution has led to unique sensory adaptations that provide information which is not available to terrestrial animals. These sensory systems include, among others, electroreception, which together with the ability of fish to generate electric discharges plays a role in social communication and object location. Most studies on electric phenomena in aquatic animals are dedicated to selected groups of electric fishes that regularly generate electric signals (Mormyriformes, Gymnotiformes).

Reconstruction of Electric Discharge Patterns and Electrogenesis Mechanism in African Sharptooth Catfish Clarias gariepinus (Clariidae, Siluriformes).

Electrical discharges (EDs) in the African sharptooth catfish Clarias gariepinus were studied. Irregular monopolar EDs, lasting for 8-10 ms and longer, and more complex EDs, lasting for 20-50 ms and characterized by specific indentation of the discharge pattern, were recorded in pairs of individuals exhibiting both aggressive and defensive behavior. The pattern of long discharges was reconstructed by adding short EDs with different latencies and amplitudes.

Fresh-Water Mollusks as Biomonitors for Ecotoxicity of Nanomaterials.

The use of different nanoparticles (NPs) is growing every year since discoveries of their unique properties. The wide use of nanomaterials has raised concerns about their safety and possible accumulation in the aquatic environment. Mussels are being considered as one of the most suitable organisms for bioaccumulation monitoring.

The Mating Ritual and Patterns of Monopolar Electrical Pulses in Hong Kong Catfish Clarias fuscus (Clariidae, Siluriformes).

Laboratory experiments were performed to compare the electrical activity and behavior in Clarias fuscus during spawning. Each of the multiple matings of the male and female was preceded by an amplexus - a mutual pose in which the male tightly covers the female's head and remains in close contact with it until the end of mating. The spawning behavior of C.

Antipsychotic polypharmacy: a survey study of prescriber attitudes, knowledge and behavior.

Objective: Although common in psychiatric practice, reasons for antipsychotic polypharmacy (APP) have remained unclear.

Methods: Single-site, semi-structured interview study of prescribers at a psychiatric teaching hospital inquiring about APP attitudes and behaviors, including frequency, preferred combinations, rationale and concerns.

Results: Forty-four prescribers reported using APP in 17.

Lack of effect of stimulant combination with second-generation antipsychotics on weight gain, metabolic changes, prolactin levels, and sedation in youth with clinically relevant aggression or oppositionality.

Background: Second-generation antipsychotics (SGAs) are associated with weight gain, metabolic abnormalities, sedation/sleep disturbance, and prolactin abnormalities, especially in youths. Although stimulants have opposing dopamine receptor and adverse effects, it is unclear whether stimulant co-treatment counteracts the therapeutic or side effects of antipsychotics.

Methods: This was a naturalistic cohort study including 153 antipsychotic trials in youths aged 4-19 (mean, 11.

Cardiometabolic risk of second-generation antipsychotic medications during first-time use in children and adolescents.

Context: Cardiometabolic effects of second-generation antipsychotic medications are concerning but have not been sufficiently studied in pediatric and adolescent patients naive to antipsychotic medication.

Objective: To study the association of second-generation antipsychotic medications with body composition and metabolic parameters in patients without prior antipsychotic medication exposure.

Design, Setting, And Patients: Nonrandomized Second-Generation Antipsychotic Treatment Indications, Effectiveness and Tolerability in Youth (SATIETY) cohort study, conducted between December 2001 and September 2007 at semi-urban, tertiary care, academic inpatient and outpatient clinics in Queens, New York, with a catchment area of 4.