On a Holm-related MTP for rejecting at least hypotheses: general validity, optimality property, confidence regions, and applications.

This article concerns -value-based multiple testing procedures (MTPs) that can be used in a confirmatory clinical study under minimal assumptions in case the requirement for study-success is that at least out of primary/important hypotheses become rejected. Recently, a simple, generally valid Holm-type MTP was discussed that can be used for such a requirement for any from one to . It can only reject at least (or zero) hypotheses, but this increases the power to reject or more hypotheses compared to Holm's step-down MTP.

Conservation of orbital angular momentum throughout amplification of high order harmonics in Ni-like krypton and silver plasmas.

In this article we present modelling results of the amplification of High Order Harmonics (HOH) carrying orbital angular momentum (OAM) in plasma amplifiers created from krypton gas and silver solid targets. The resulting amplified beam is characterized in terms of intensity, phase and decomposition in helical and Laguerre-Gauss modes. Results show that the amplification process conserves OAM, although some degradation is apparent.

Shack-Hartmann Wavefront Sensing of Ultrashort Optical Vortices.

Light beams carrying Orbital Angular Momentum (OAM), also known as optical vortices (OV), have led to fascinating new developments in fields ranging from quantum communication to novel light-matter interaction aspects. Even though several techniques have emerged to synthesize these structured-beams, their detection, in particular, single-shot amplitude, wavefront, and modal content characterization, remains a challenging task. Here, we report the single-shot amplitude, wavefront, and modal content characterization of ultrashort OV using a Shack-Hartmann wavefront sensor.

Decreased Immune Response in Alexithymic Women: A One-Year Longitudinal Study.

Although previous cross-sectional studies suggested significantly dysregulated immune response in alexithymia, there is a lack of longitudinal studies. We sought to determine the reliability of the reported relationship between alexithymia and decreased immune response in a longitudinal study. Thirty-eight healthy women who had participated in a cross-sectional study were recontacted 1-year later.

Note on a stepwise procedure for rejecting at least k out of m hypotheses: A simple Holm-type formulation and proof.

Mielke et al. (2021) proposed a stepwise multiple testing procedure (MTP) based on marginal p-values for rejecting at least k out of m null hypotheses. Briefly, the MTP cannot reject less than k hypotheses, but this property improves the power to reject k or more hypotheses relative to the stepdown MTP of Holm (1979).

Towards subpicosecond pulses from solid target plasma based seeded soft X-ray laser.

We investigate the coherence of plasma-based soft X-ray laser (XRL) for different conditions that can alter the electron density in the gain region. We first measure the source temporal coherence in amplified spontaneous emission (ASE) mode. We develop a data analysis procedure to extract both its spectral width and pulse duration.

Evidence of partial temporal coherence effects in the linear autocorrelation of extreme ultraviolet laser pulses.

We study how the degree of temporal coherence of plasma-based extreme ultraviolet lasers operated in the amplification of the spontaneous emission mode is encoded in the shape of the linear autocorrelation function, which is obtained from the variation of the fringe visibility while varying the delay in a variable path-difference interferometer. We discuss the implications of this effect when the technique is used to infer the spectral properties of the source. Our numerical simulations, based on a partial coherence model developed by other authors for x-ray free electron lasers, are in good agreement with previously reported sets of measurements, illustrating similar statistical properties for both sources.

One long and two short pumping pulses control for plasma x-ray amplifier optimization.

Development of efficient soft x-ray laser plasma amplifiers adapted to seeded operation, requires a better control over amplifier transverse spatial extent, brilliance control and gain lifetime. Here it is shown that pumping the plasma amplifier with one long and two short pump pulses (1L2S) provides advantages in terms of control for the specified parameters in the case of Ni-like Ag x-ray laser. Also, significant tunability of the gain lifetime in the 1L2S pumping scheme for Ne-like Ti x-ray laser is observed.

Q-switched laser-assisted grazing incidence pumping (QAGRIP) for efficient soft x-ray laser generation.

We have investigated a new scheme for laser plasma transient collisional soft x-ray lasers based on the use of an additional laser to produce the preplasma. Soft x-ray emission measurements made for different solid targets are presented and discussed. A significant enhancement of the SXRL emission as compared to double-pulse single-beam grazing incidence (DGRIP) using the same pump laser is reported for 13.

Thin film beam splitter multiple short pulse generation for enhanced Ni-like Ag x-ray laser emission.

An alternative, novel multiple pulse generation scheme was implemented directly after the optical compressor output of an x-ray pump laser. The new method uses a polarization sensitive thin film beam splitter and a half-wavelength wave plate for tuning the energy ratio in the multiple short pulses. Based on this method, an extensive study was made of the running parameters for a grazing incidence pumped silver x-ray laser (XRL) pumped with a long pulse of 145 mJ in 6 ns at 532 nm and up to 1.

Enhanced high harmonic generation driven by high-intensity laser in argon gas-filled hollow core waveguide.

We show that a significant enhancement of the photon flux produced by high harmonic generation can be obtained through guided configuration at high laser intensity largely above the saturation intensity. We identify two regimes. At low pressure, we observe an intense second plateau in the high harmonic spectrum in argon.

Simultaneous confidence regions for closed tests, including Holm-, Hochberg-, and Hommel-related procedures.

The derivation of simultaneous confidence regions for some multiple-testing procedures (MTPs) of practical interest has remained an unsolved problem. This is the case, for example, for Hochberg's step-up MTP and Hommel's more powerful MTP that is neither a step-up nor a step-down procedure. It is shown in this article how the direct approach used previously by the author to construct confidence regions for certain closed-testing procedures (CTPs) can be extended to a rather general setup.

Note on simultaneous inferences about non-inferiority and superiority for a primary and a secondary endpoint.

In their review of challenges to multiple testing in clinical trials, Hung and Wang (2010) considered the situation where a treatment is to be compared with an active comparator and the aim is to show non-inferiority and (if possible) superiority with respect to a primary and a secondary endpoint. This note extends their discussion of this particular situation, taking the sequentially rejective procedure they used for illustration as a starting point. Some alternative multiple testing procedures (MTPs) are considered, and corresponding simultaneous confidence regions are discussed that provide additional information "for free".

Confidence regions for Bonferroni-based closed tests extended to more general closed tests.

Simultaneous confidence regions were recently derived for a large class of Bonferroni-based closed testing procedures (CTPs). This class and a very useful subclass of graphical procedures are described, and it is then shown how the direct approach of Guilbaud (2008) for such CTPs can be extended to cover also CTPs that are not Bonferroni based and that may utilize dependencies not utilized by Bonferroni-based procedures. The simultaneous confidence regions that can be derived through this extension include the known confidence bounds for the step-down version of one-sided Dunnett-type multiple comparisons versus a control in the balanced case.

Are treatment options related to alexithymia in eating disorders? Results from a three-year naturalistic longitudinal study.

Objective: Longitudinal studies have shown that alexithymic features can interfere with treatment response in eating disorders. However, an alternative hypothesis could be that clinicians faced with alexithymic patients chose different treatment options according to their perceptions of these patients. The aim of this investigation was to explore the relationships between alexithymic features and treatment options provided by professionals in a naturalistic prospective study of eating disorders.

Optimization of a tabletop high-repetition-rate soft x-ray laser pumped in double-pulse single-beam grazing incidence.

This Letter reports on the optimization of a tabletop nickel-like molybdenum transient collisionally excited soft x-ray laser (SXRL) at 18.9 nm performed by a double-pulse single-beam grazing incidence pumping (DGRIP). This scheme allows for the first time, to our knowledge, the full control of the pump laser parameters including the pre-pulse duration optimally generating the SXRL amplifier under a grazing incidence.

Alternative confidence regions for bonferroni-based closed-testing procedures that are not alpha-exhaustive.

This article complements the results in Guilbaud (Biometrical Journal 2008; 50:678-692). Simultaneous confidence regions were derived in that article that correspond to any given multiple testing procedure (MTP) in a fairly large class of consonant closed-testing procedures based on marginal p-values and weighted Bonferroni tests for intersection hypotheses. This class includes Holm's MTP, the fixed-sequence MTP, gatekeeping MTPs, fallback MTPs, multi-stage fallback MTPs, and recently proposed MTPs specified through a graphical representation and associated rejection algorithm.

Simultaneous confidence regions corresponding to Holm's step-down procedure and other closed-testing procedures.

Holm's (1979) step-down multiple-testing procedure (MTP) is appealing for its flexibility, transparency, and general validity, but the derivation of corresponding simultaneous confidence regions has remained an unsolved problem. This article provides such confidence regions. In fact, simultanenous confidence regions are provided for any MTP in the class of short-cut consonant closed-testing procedures based on marginal p -values and weighted Bonferroni tests for intersection hypotheses considered by Hommel, Bretz and Maurer (2007).

Decreased immune response in alexithymic women: a cross-sectional study.

It has been reported in a few studies that alexithymia is associated with impaired immune response but results are still contradictory. The present study investigates whether alexithymia is associated with lower cell-mediated (Th-1) immune response. Fifty-one healthy 18-27-year-old women were selected from healthy subjects on the basis of high or low cut-off scores on the 20-item Toronto Alexithymia Scale (TAS-20).

Optimal designs for estimating the interesting part of a dose-effect curve.

We consider a dose-finding trial in phase IIB of drug development. For choosing an appropriate design for this trial the specification of two points is critical: an appropriate model for describing the dose-effect relationship, and the specification of the aims of the trial (objectives), which will be the focus in the present paper. For many situations it is essential to have a robust trial objective that has little risk of changing during the complete trial due to external information.

Bonferroni parallel gatekeeping - transparent generalizations, adjusted p -values, and short direct proofs.

In the two-step version (Dmitrienko, Tamhane, Wang and Chen, 2006) of the Bonferroni parallel-gatekeeping multiple-testing procedure (MTP): (a) a family F1 of null hypotheses H is used as a gatekeeper for another family F2 in that no H in F2 can be rejected unless at least one H is rejected in F1; (b) a Bonferroni MTP is used for F1 at local multiple-level alpha in the first step; and (c) Holm's (1979) step-down MTP is used in the second step for F2 at a local multiple level that depends on the rejections made in the first step. It is shown in this article that this two-step procedure can be generalized in that any MTP with multiple-level control and available multiplicity-adjusted p -values can be used instead of Holm's MTP in the second step. A further generalization related to what Dmitrienko, Molenberghs, Chuang-Stein and Offen (2005) called modified Bonferroni parallel gatekeeping is also given where in case all H s in F2 are rejected, additional rejections in F1 can be made in a third step at local multiple-level alpha through any MTP that is more powerful than the initial Bonferroni MTP, e.