The underestimated role of pioneering women in radiation oncology: lessons from the past for today's practice.

Purpose: The early history of radiation and radiation oncology is imprinted by innovative pioneers both in physics and clinical application. Despite the remarkable example of Marie Curie, the contributions of female physicians, physicists, and radiation therapists in the first years of radiation practice are often forgotten or neglected. This analysis aims at a comprehensive review of pivotal female pioneers in the field of radiation oncology and summarizes current and future challenges with regard to gender equality in the radiation oncology workforce.

Dichotomous outcomes of TNFR1 and TNFR2 signaling in NK cell-mediated immune responses during inflammation.

Natural killer (NK) cell function is regulated by a balance of activating and inhibitory signals. Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) is an inflammatory cytokine ubiquitous across homeostasis and disease, yet its role in regulation of NK cells remains unclear. Here, we find upregulation of the immune checkpoint protein, T cell immunoglobulin and mucin domain 3 (Tim3), is a biomarker of TNF signaling in NK cells during Salmonella Typhimurium infection.

Retinoic acid and TGF-β orchestrate organ-specific programs of tissue residency.

Tissue-resident memory T (T) cells are integral to tissue immunity, persisting in diverse anatomical sites where they adhere to a common transcriptional framework. How these cells integrate distinct local cues to adopt the common T cell fate remains poorly understood. Here, we show that whereas skin T cells strictly require transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) for tissue residency, those in other locations utilize the metabolite retinoic acid (RA) to drive an alternative differentiation pathway, directing a TGF-β-independent tissue residency program in the liver and synergizing with TGF-β to drive T cells in the small intestine.