Longitudinal monitoring of class-switched memory-B cell proportions identifies plausible germinal center failure in patients with suspected immune disorders.

A reduced proportion of peripheral class-switched memory B cells (CSM-B cells) is presumed to indicate ineffective germinal activity. The extent that this finding corresponds to a plausible germinal center failure pathophysiology in patients not diagnosed with CVID or hyper IgM syndrome is not known. We asked if patients with low CSM-B cells are more likely to demonstrate failure to produce serum IgA and IgG than counterparts with nonreduced class-switched memory B cell levels, regardless of diagnosis.

Challenges, Preoperative Assessment, and Surgical Strategies for the Left-Sided Gallbladder.

Left-sided gallbladder positioning, or sinistroposition, is a rare anatomical variation that poses challenges during surgical intervention due to associated vascular and biliary anomalies. While existing literature suggests an incidence of approximately 0.04-1.

Evidence for Rho-dependent control of a virulence switch in .

is a significant cause of infections in the healthcare setting. More recently, has been a leading cause of secondary bacterial pneumonia in patients infected with SARS-CoV-2 and the overall frequency of infection increased 78% during the COVID-19 pandemic. can exist in virulent or avirulent subpopulations and this interconversion is mediated by the expression of a family of TetR-type transcriptional regulators.