Nipah: The looming post-covid pandemic.

First identified as a pathogen in Malaysia and Singapore in 1999, Nipah virus (NiV) caused nearly 300 human cases and over 100 fatalities. It also killed about 1 million pigs. Three years later (2002), it was reported in Pteropus bats in Malaysia, in Cambodia & Thailand, (2005), and as far as Madagascar (2007) and Ghana (2008).

Permafrost viremia and immune tweening.

The immune system, an exquisitely regulated physiological system, utilizes a wide spectrum of soluble factors and multiple cell populations and subpopulations at diverse states of maturation to monitor and protect the organism against foreign organisms. Immune surveillance is ensured by distinguishing self-antigens from self-associated with non-self (e.g.