Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol
April 2023
Genital anomalies are a heterogeneous group of congenital pathologies that have become increasingly relevant since the Chicago Consensus of 2005. Their postnatal diagnosis has developed significantly in the last two decades, while prenatal diagnosis seems to be underdeveloped, with few protocols available, fragmented scientific literature, and low diagnostic rates. This review aims to examine the current status of this subspecialty from the perspective of prenatal imaging.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFJ Pediatr Endocrinol Metab
October 2021
Background: Micropenis is an endocrinological condition that is habitually observed at birth. Diagnosis is made by measuring the stretched penile length, a method established 80 years ago. Discrepancies in the normative data from recent studies raise the need for a current revision of the methodology.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFExternal male genitalia have rarely been evaluated on fetal ultrasound. Apart from visualization of the penis for fetal sex determination, there are no specific instructions or recommendations from scientific societies. This study aimed to review the current knowledge about prenatal diagnosis of the scrotum and internal structures, with discussion regarding technical aspects and clinical management.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFBackground: Evaluation of the external genitalia is an important part of prenatal ultrasound. However, there is no standardized methodology that includes biometric measurements and normative data to be able to carry out this evaluation.
Objective: To develop a standardized methodology for fetal genital biometry and obtain reference values for use in mid-trimester ultrasound.
Taiwan J Obstet Gynecol
September 2020
Fetal sex discordance is an entity that is becoming more frequent due to the expansion of the cfDNA for prenatal diagnosis. Its incidence can be estimated in 1/1500-2000 pregnancies, a frequency as high as that of some common chromosomopathies. The causes of this phenomenon are multiple and diverse, ranging from laboratory errors to important pathologies such as disorders of sexual differentiation.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFPostnatal penile length is a reliable, standardized, and widely used marker for the diagnosis of genitourinary pathology, as well as genetic and hormonal disorders. In contrast, prenatal diagnosis has not been developed equally and there is a lack of relevant literature. Our objective is to review the studies on fetal penile length, and apply findings to clinical practice.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFPregnancy is associated with an increased risk of venous thromboembolism (VTE). D-dimer is a biomarker used as an exclusion criterion of VTE disease, but its usefulness during pregnancy shows limitations because D-dimer levels physiologically increase through pregnancy. The aim of our study was to follow the changes of D-dimer levels and to establish trimester-specific reference intervals during normal pregnancy.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFWe report a case of a twin-reversed arterial perfusion (TRAP) sequence complication in monochorionic triplets, in which both normal fetuses were directly connected to the umbilical cord of the acardiac fetus, thus both acting as a pump twin. Doppler ultrasound showed a significant waveform pattern with two superposed systolic waveforms in the same vessel. After birth, placental findings confirmed the existence of two direct pump twins.
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