Physiological Responses of Elite Cheerleaders During Training and Simulated Competition Routines.

Purpose: Competitive cheerleading (cheersport) is a physically demanding sport; however, there is a lack of information regarding its acute physiological responses during training or competition in these athletes. Thus, this study aimed to investigate these responses during both training sessions and simulated cheerleading competition routines (full-outs) among elite cheersport athletes.

Methods: Six Coed and 10 All Girl elite cheerleaders were included in this study.

Physiological and Locomotor Profiling Enables to Differentiate Between Sprinters, 400-m Runners, and Middle-Distance Runners.

Thron, M, Woll, A, Doller, L, Quittmann, OJ, Härtel, S, Ruf, L, and Altmann, S. Physiological and locomotor profiling enables to differentiate between sprinters, 400-m runners, and middle-distance runners. J Strength Cond Res 38(8): 1419-1427, 2024-Different approaches exist for characterizing athletes, e.

How to activate the glutes best? Peak muscle activity of acceleration-specific pre-activation and traditional strength training exercises.

Purpose: Isometric training and pre-activation are proven to enhance acceleration performance. However, traditional strength training exercises do not mirror the acceleration-specific activation patterns of the gluteal muscles, characterized by ipsilateral hip extension during contralateral hip flexion. Therefore, the aim of the study was to determine gluteal muscle activity of acceleration-specific exercises compared to traditional strength training exercises.

Data Processing Strategies to Determine Maximum Oxygen Uptake: A Systematic Scoping Review and Experimental Comparison with Guidelines for Reporting.

Background: Gas exchange data from maximum oxygen uptake ([Formula: see text]) testing typically require post-processing. Different processing strategies may lead to varying [Formula: see text] values affecting their interpretation. However, the exact processing strategies used in the literature have yet to be systematically investigated.

Is Maximal Lactate Accumulation Rate Promising for Improving 5000-m Prediction in Running?

Endurance running performance can be predicted by maximal oxygen uptake (V̇Omax), the fractional utilisation of oxygen uptake (%V̇Omax) and running economy at lactate threshold (RE). This study aims to assess maximal lactate accumulation rate (ċLa) in terms of improving running performance prediction in trained athletes. Forty-four competitive female and male runners/triathletes performed an incremental step test, a 100-m sprint test and a ramp test to determine their metabolic profile.

Case Report: Training Monitoring and Performance Development of a Triathlete With Spinal Cord Injury and Chronic Myeloid Leukemia During a Paralympic Cycle.

Introduction: Paratriathlon allows competition for athletes with various physical impairments. The wheelchair category stands out from other paratriathlon categories, since competing in swimming, handcycling, and wheelchair racing entails substantial demands on the upper extremity. Therefore, knowledge about exercise testing and training is needed to improve performance and avoid overuse injuries.

The Science of Handcycling: A Narrative Review.

The aim of this narrative review is to provide insight as to the history, biomechanics, and physiological characteristics of competitive handcycling. Furthermore, based upon the limited evidence available, this paper aims to provide practical training suggestions by which to develop competitive handcycling performance. Handbike configuration, individual physiological characteristics, and training history all play a significant role in determining competitive handcycling performance.

Maximal Lactate Accumulation Rate in All-out Exercise Differs between Cycling and Running.

This study aims to compare maximal lactate accumulation rate (V̇ La) and power output (P) between cycling and running in terms of reliability, differences between, and correlations among modalities. Eighteen competitive triathletes performed a 15-s all-out exercise test in cycling and a 100-m sprint test in running. Each test was performed twice and separated by one week.

Biomechanics of all-out handcycling exercise: kinetics, kinematics and muscular activity of a 15-s sprint test in able-bodied participants.

This study aims to quantify the kinematics, kinetics and muscular activity of all-out handcycling exercise and examine their alterations during the course of a 15-s sprint test. Twelve able-bodied competitive triathletes performed a 15-s all-out sprint test in a recumbent racing handcycle that was attached to an ergometer. During the sprint test, tangential crank kinetics, 3D joint kinematics and muscular activity of 10 muscles of the upper extremity and trunk were examined using a power metre, motion capturing and surface electromyography (sEMG), respectively.

Biomechanics of handcycling propulsion in a 30-min continuous load test at lactate threshold: Kinetics, kinematics, and muscular activity in able-bodied participants.

Purpose: This study aims to investigate the biomechanics of handcycling during a continuous load trial (CLT) to assess the mechanisms underlying fatigue in upper body exercise.

Methods: Twelve able-bodied triathletes performed a 30-min CLT at a power output corresponding to lactate threshold in a racing recumbent handcycle mounted on a stationary ergometer. During the CLT, ratings of perceived exertion (RPE), tangential crank kinetics, 3D joint kinematics, and muscular activity of ten muscles of the upper extremity and trunk were examined using motion capturing and surface electromyography.

Maximal lactate accumulation rate and post-exercise lactate kinetics in handcycling and cycling.

The aim of this study was to assess lactate kinetics, maximal lactate accumulation rate (⩒La) and peak power output (PO) in a 15-s all-out exercise in handcycling (HC) and cycling (C) in terms of (1) reliability, (2) differences and (3) correlations between HC and C. Eighteen female and male competitive triathletes performed two trials (separated by one week) of a 15-s all-out sprint test in HC and C. Tests were performed in a recumbent racing handcycle and on the participants' own road bike that were attached to an ergometer.

Normalising surface EMG of ten upper-extremity muscles in handcycling: Manual resistance vs. sport-specific MVICs.

Muscular activity in terms of surface electromyography (sEMG) is usually normalised to maximal voluntary isometric contractions (MVICs). This study aims to compare two different MVIC-modes in handcycling and examine the effect of moving average window-size. Twelve able-bodied male competitive triathletes performed ten MVICs against manual resistance and four sport-specific trials against fixed cranks.

Comparison of Different Blood Lactate Threshold Concepts for Constant Load Performance Prediction in Spinal Cord Injured Handcyclists.

Background: Endurance capacity is one of the main performance determinants in handcycling. There are two exercise test procedures primarily applied to determine endurance capacity, to verify training adaptations and predict race performance. This study aims to evaluate the agreement of these applied concepts in handcycling.

Evaluation of a sport-specific field test to determine maximal lactate accumulation rate and sprint performance parameters in running.

Objectives: The aim of this study was to examine the reliability of maximal lactate accumulation rate (V˙La) and sprint performance parameters in running and assess different approaches to determine alactic time interval (t).

Design: Sixteen competitive runners (female=5; male=11) performed three trials (T1, T2 and T3) of an all-out 100-m sprint test separated by 48h.

Methods: Time to cover the 100m was determined by using a photoelectric light-barrier (t) and a stop-watch (t).

Reliability of muscular activation patterns and their alterations during incremental handcycling in able-bodied participants.

The aim of this study was to assess muscle activity patterns (MAPs) in handcycling in terms of reliability and their alterations due to increasing workload. A total of 12 able-bodied triathletes performed an incremental step test until subjective exhaustion in a racing handcycle that was mounted on an ergometer. During the test, muscular activity of 10 muscles of the upper extremity and trunk was measured using surface electromyography (sEMG).

The Effect of Block Versus Daily Undulating Periodization on Strength and Performance in Adolescent Football Players.

Muscle mass, strength, and power are important factors for performance. To improve these characteristics, periodized resistance training is used. However, there is no consensus regarding the most effective periodization model.

Lactate kinetics in handcycling under various exercise modalities and their relationship to performance measures in able-bodied participants.

Purpose: The aim of this study was to expand exercise testing in handcycling by (1) examining different approaches to determine lactate kinetics in handcycling under various exercise modalities and (2) identifying relationships between parameters of lactate kinetics and selected performance measures.

Methods: Twelve able-bodied nationally competitive triathletes performed a familiarisation, a sprint test, an incremental step test, and a continuous load trial at a power output corresponding to a lactate concentration (La) of 4 mmol l (PO) in a racing handcycle that was mounted on an ergometer. During the tests, La and heart rate (HR) were determined.