The conquest of science: women and science in Russia, 1860-1940.

This essay describes the growing number of women in science in Russia from 1860 to 1940, analyzing the development of a significant community in terms of three generations. These generations are defined by the removal of various obstacles to women's participation in the sciences. The decisive transitions took place with the creation of higher education for women in the 1870s and the establishment of formal gender equality by the Bolshevik regime after 1917.