The RTgill-W1 (gill), RTG-2 (gonad), and RTL-W1 (liver) cell lines derived from a freshwater fish rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss), were used to assess the toxicity of polyethylene terephthalate (PET) and two forms of polyvinyl chloride (PVC). Two size fractions (25-μm and 90-μm particles) were tested for all materials. The highest tested concentration was 1 mg/ml, corresponding to from 70 000 ± 9000 to 620 000 ± 57 000 particles/ml for 25-μm particles and from 2300 ± 100 to 11 000 ± 1000 particles/ml for 90-μm particles (depending on the material).
View Article and Find Full Text PDFIn this study, the synthesis of a Michael donor compound from cellulose production by-products-tall oil fatty acids-was developed. The developed Michael donor compounds can be further used to obtain polymeric materials after nucleophilic polymerization through the Michael reaction. It can be a promising alternative method for conventional polyurethane materials, and the Michael addition polymerization reaction takes place under milder conditions than non-isocyanate polyurethane production technology, which requires high pressure, high temperature and a long reaction time.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFNovel nickel(ii) complexes bearing ( butyl)bis(diphenylphosphanyl)amine and different halogenido ligands, [Ni(P,P)X] = [Ni{ BuN(PPh)-κP}X], (X = Cl, Br, I) are prepared, characterized by IR and NMR spectroscopy, mass spectrometry and X-ray crystallography, and tested as catalysts in the Kumada cross-coupling reaction of model substituted iodobenzenes and -tolylmagnesium bromide. The data obtained together with DFT calculations indicate that these new catalysts operate in the Ni(i)-Ni(iii) mode. The highest catalytic activity and selectivity are exhibited by [Ni(P,P)Cl], which is most easily reduced by the used Grignard reagent to the Ni(i) state.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFInflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a relapsing and remitting inflammatory disease affecting millions of people worldwide. The active phase of IBD is characterized by excessive formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the intestinal mucosa, which further accelerates the inflammatory process. A feasible strategy for the IBD treatment is thus breaking the oxidation-inflammation vicious circle by scavenging excessive ROS with the use of a suitable antioxidant.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFThe modified layout of the barrier method called liquid chromatography under limiting conditions of enthalpic interactions is presented. It enables automated quantitative separation of blends of synthetic polymers, for example the single step discrimination of both parent homopolymers from the block copolymers. Moreover, this method enables the estimation of molar mass and molar mass distribution of the block copolymer precursor.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFFour new bis() unimers with different linkers between the thieno[3,2-]thiophene-2,5-diyl central unit and terpyridine-4'-yl () end-groups: no linker (), ethynediyl (), 1,4-phenylene () and 2,2'-bithophene-5,5'-diyl () are prepared, characterized, and assembled with Fe ions to metallo-supramolecular polymers (Fe-MSPs). The Fe-MSP films prepared by spin-casting on Indium Tin Oxide (ITO) glass are characterized by atomic force microscope (AFM) microscopy, cyclic voltammetry, and UV/vis spectroscopy and studied for their electrochromism and effect of the unimer structure on their electrochromic performance. Of the studied MSPs, shows the highest optical contrast as well as coloration efficiency (CE = 641 cm C) and the fastest optical response.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFMultimodal imaging, integrating several modalities including down- and up-conversion luminescence, - and ( *)-weighted MRI, and CT contrasting in one system, is very promising for improved diagnosis of severe medical disorders. To reach the goal, it is necessary to develop suitable nanoparticles that are highly colloidally stable in biologically relevant media. Here, hydrophilic poly(,-dimethylacrylamide--acryloylglycine methyl ester)-alendronate-[P(DMA-AGME)-Ale]-coated Gd(Tb)F:Tb(Gd),Yb,Nd nanoparticles were synthesized by a coprecipitation method in ethylene glycol (EG) followed by coating with the polymer.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFThe formation of amyloid fibrils from certain proteins stays behind a number of pathologies, so-called amyloidoses. Glycosaminoglycans are polysaccharides and are known natural constituents of amyloids in vivo. However, little is known about the effect of other naturally abundant polysaccharides, and even less is known about the effect of chemically modified polysaccharides on the formation of amyloid fibrils.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFWe investigated the influence of glycogen (GG), phytoglycogen (PG), mannan (MAN) and cinnamoyl-modified GG (GG-CIN) on amyloid fibril formation. We used hen egg-white lysozyme (HEWL) as a model system and amyloid beta peptide (1-42) (Aβ1-42) as an Alzheimer's disease-relevant system. For brief detection of fibrils was used thioflavin T (ThT) fluorescence assay and the results were confirmed by transmission electron microscopy (TEM).
View Article and Find Full Text PDFSince their addition to the polymer-architecture portfolio, gradient copolymers have attracted significant attention. Up to now, however, the existence of the intramolecular composition gradient must have been ascertained by sampling during living copolymerization because a reliable method for the detection of the composition gradient in the finalized copolymer had not been established yet. Here we show that MALDI-ToF mass spectrometry not only identifies imperfect, i.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFThis study reports the first Co (CO) -catalyzed [2+2+2] polycyclotrimerization by the transformation of internal ethynyl groups of aromatic diyne monomers. The reaction yields polycyclotrimers of polyphenylene-type with either hyperbranched or partly crosslinked architecture. The homopolycyclotrimerization of the monomers with two ethynyl groups per one molecule, namely 1,4-bis(phenylethynyl)benzene, 4,4'-bis(phenylethynyl)biphenyl, and 4-(phenylethynyl)phenylacetylene, gives partly crosslinked, insoluble polyphenylenes.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFHere, we present the synthesis, physicochemical, and preliminary biological characterization of micellar polymer-betulinic acid (BA) conjugates based on N-(2-hydroxypropyl)methacrylamide (HPMA) copolymer carriers, enabling the controlled release of cytotoxic BA derivatives in solid tumors or tumor cells. Various HPMA copolymer conjugates differing in the structure of the spacer between the drug and the carrier were synthesized, all designed for pH-triggered drug release in tumor tissue or tumor cells. The high molecular weight of the micellar conjugates should improve the uptake of the drug in solid tumors due to the Enhanced permeability and retention (EPR) effect.
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