Isolated Neurosarcoidosis Presenting as Chronic Progressive Pachymeningitis.

Neurologic manifestations of sarcoidosis are rare, and even rarer still are cases of isolated neurosarcoidosis. The clinical presentation of isolated neurosarcoidosis can be highly variable, and diagnosis is particularly challenging, the gold standard being tissue biopsy. We describe a patient with a history of atypical parkinsonian syndrome and chronic right frontal lobe infarct who developed weakness, imbalance, and gait disequilibrium in 2008, with magnetic resonance imaging at that time showing leptomeningeal and nodular enhancements in the bilateral frontal and parietal lobes.

Powassan Encephalitis: A Case Report from New York, USA.

Background: Powassan is a positive-sense, single-stranded, enveloped RNA virus that is a tick-borne transmitted by species, with groundhogs being the usual mammalian host. The virus is endemic to North America, with peak transmission during the summer and fall. The incubation period is 7-34 days, followed by a prodrome of flu-like symptoms.

Nrf2 through Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor Regulates IL-22 Response in CD4 T Cells.

IL-17A and IL-22 derived from Th17 cells play a significant role in mucosal immunity and inflammation. TGF-β and IL-6 promote Th17 differentiation; however, these cytokines have multiple targets. The identification and screening of additional molecules that regulate IL-17A and IL-22 responses in certain inflammatory conditions is of great clinical significance.

Abnormal blood-brain barrier water exchange in chronic multiple sclerosis lesions: A preliminary study.

Relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (RRMS) is associated with persistent blood-brain barrier (BBB) dysfunction. The impact of this persistent dysfunction in both active and chronic MS lesions has yet to be investigated due to technological challenges associated with invasive assessment of BBB water transportation (e.g.

MRI features associated with high likelihood of conversion of radiologically isolated syndrome to multiple sclerosis.

Radiologically isolated syndrome (RIS) is the asymptomatic precursor to clinically isolated syndrome, relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (MS) or primary progressive MS. RIS is frequently diagnosed when an individual gets an MRI for an unrelated medical issue, such as headache or trauma. Treating RIS patients is controversial, but physicians may be inclined to offer prophylactic treatment for high-risk RIS patients.

A Case Report of Neurosarcoidosis Presenting as a Lymphoma Mimic.

To describe a unique presentation of neurosarcoidosis. Central nervous system involvement is rare in sarcoidosis. Sarcoidosis can be severe and can be mistaken for systemic lymphoma.

Disruption of the principal, progesterone-activated sperm Ca2+ channel in a CatSper2-deficient infertile patient.

The female steroid hormone progesterone regulates ovulation and supports pregnancy, but also controls human sperm function within the female reproductive tract. Progesterone causes elevation of sperm intracellular Ca(2+) leading to sperm hyperactivation, acrosome reaction, and perhaps chemotaxis toward the egg. Although it has been suggested that progesterone-dependent Ca(2+) influx into human spermatozoa is primarily mediated by cationic channel of sperm (CatSper), the principal flagellar Ca(2+) channel of sperm, conclusive loss-of-function genetic evidence for activation of CatSper by progesterone has yet to be provided.