PD-L1 and IFN-γ modulate Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer (NSCLC) cell plasticity associated to immune checkpoint inhibitor (ICI)-mediated hyperprogressive disease (HPD).

Background: Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer (NSCLC) is the leading cause of cancer death worldwide. Although immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) have shown remarkable clinical efficacy, they can also induce a paradoxical cancer acceleration, known as hyperprogressive disease (HPD), whose causative mechanisms are still unclear.

Methods: This study investigated the mechanisms of ICI resistance in an HPD-NSCLC model.

Functional evaluation of circulating anti-cancer antibodies with a 3D tumor cell growth inhibition assay.

Antibodies directed against surface antigens of tumor cells are commonly found in sera of cancer patients and of oncological animal models. Polyclonal antibodies directed against various epitopes of the same antigen may be spontaneously elicited by tumor antigens or may result from the administration of specific vaccines and other immunostimulating treatments. Furthermore, after therapeutic administration of monoclonal antibodies, the antibody will be detectable in the bloodstream for several weeks.

Virus-like Particle (VLP) Vaccines for Cancer Immunotherapy.

Cancer vaccines are increasingly being studied as a possible strategy to prevent and treat cancers. While several prophylactic vaccines for virus-caused cancers are approved and efficiently used worldwide, the development of therapeutic cancer vaccines needs to be further implemented. Virus-like particles (VLPs) are self-assembled protein structures that mimic native viruses or bacteriophages but lack the replicative material.