Corrigendum: Raised plasma neurofilament light protein levels are associated with abnormal MRI outcomes in newborns undergoing therapeutic hypothermia.

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2018.

Possible In Utero Transmission of SARS-CoV-2 and Severe Respiratory Disease in a Preterm Infant.

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 infections are uncommon in newborn infants. This report describes possible in utero transmission of the B.1.

Neonatal Seizure Management: Is the Timing of Treatment Critical?

Objective: To assess the impact of the time to treatment of the first electrographic seizure on subsequent seizure burden and describe overall seizure management in a large neonatal cohort.

Study Design: Newborns (36-44 weeks of gestation) requiring electroencephalographic (EEG) monitoring recruited to 2 multicenter European studies were included. Infants who received antiseizure medication exclusively after electrographic seizure onset were grouped based on the time to treatment of the first seizure: antiseizure medication within 1 hour, between 1 and 2 hours, and after 2 hours.

Raised Plasma Neurofilament Light Protein Levels Are Associated with Abnormal MRI Outcomes in Newborns Undergoing Therapeutic Hypothermia.

Aims And Hypothesis: Hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy (HIE) remains an important cause of death and disability in newborns. Mild therapeutic hypothermia (TH) is safe and effective; however, there are no tissue biomarkers available at the bedside to select babies for treatment. The aim of this study was to show that it is feasible to study plasma neurofilament light (NfL) levels from newborns and to evaluate their temporal course.

Automated electroencephalographic discontinuity in cooled newborns predicts cerebral MRI and neurodevelopmental outcome.

Background And Hypothesis: Prolonged electroencephalographic (EEG) discontinuity has been associated with poor neurodevelopmental outcomes after perinatal asphyxia but its predictive value in the era of therapeutic hypothermia (TH) is unknown. In infants undergoing TH for hypoxic-ischaemic encephalopathy (HIE) prolonged EEG discontinuity is associated with cerebral tissue injury on MRI and adverse neurodevelopmental outcome.

Method: Retrospective study of term neonates from three UK centres who received TH for perinatal asphyxia, had continuous two channel amplitude-integrated EEG with EEG for a minimum of 48 h, brain MRI within 6 weeks of birth and neurodevelopmental outcome data at a median age of 24 months.

A study of microRNAs from dried blood spots in newborns after perinatal asphyxia: a simple and feasible biosampling method.

Background: The potential of microRNAs (miRNAs) as bedside biomarkers in selecting newborns with hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy (HIE) for neuroprotection has yet to be explored. Commonly, blood-based biomarker tests use plasma or serum which don't allow evaluation of both intracellular and extracellular changes.

Methods: We describe a technique to extract and compare expression of miRNAs from a single small 6-mm-diameter dried blood spot (DBS) stored at room temperature with those from EDTA-blood, plasma, and urine.

Effects of hypothermia for perinatal asphyxia on childhood outcomes.

Background: In the Total Body Hypothermia for Neonatal Encephalopathy Trial (TOBY), newborns with asphyxial encephalopathy who received hypothermic therapy had improved neurologic outcomes at 18 months of age, but it is uncertain whether such therapy results in longer-term neurocognitive benefits.

Methods: We randomly assigned 325 newborns with asphyxial encephalopathy who were born at a gestational age of 36 weeks or more to receive standard care alone (control) or standard care with hypothermia to a rectal temperature of 33 to 34°C for 72 hours within 6 hours after birth. We evaluated the neurocognitive function of these children at 6 to 7 years of age.

Electrographic seizures are associated with brain injury in newborns undergoing therapeutic hypothermia.

Objective: Seizures are common among newborns with hypoxic-ischaemic encephalopathy (HIE) but the relationship between seizure burden and severity of brain injury among neonates receiving therapeutic hypothermia (TH) for HIE is unclear. We tested the hypothesis that seizure burden is associated with cerebral tissue injury independent of amplitude-integrated EEG (aEEG) background activity.

Study Design: Term neonates undergoing 72 h of TH at four centres were selected for study if they had continuous aEEG and MRI.

Effect of caesarean section on brain maturation.

Unlabelled: The rates of caesarean section (CS) are increasing worldwide. The short-term effects of CS in the newborn have been described and long-term reported risks of alterations of pathophysiology include altered microflora, increased risk of childhood asthma and childhood-onset type I diabetes mellitus. There has been emphasis on the respiratory morbidity related to the timing of elective CS.

Blood sampling in infants (reducing pain and morbidity).

Introduction: Preterm or ill neonates may undergo 1 to 21 heel punctures or venepunctures a day. These punctures are likely to be painful. Heel punctures comprise 61% to 87% and venepunctures comprise 8% to 13% of the invasive procedures performed on ill infants.

Moderate hypothermia to treat perinatal asphyxial encephalopathy.

Background: Whether hypothermic therapy improves neurodevelopmental outcomes in newborn infants with asphyxial encephalopathy is uncertain.

Methods: We performed a randomized trial of infants who were less than 6 hours of age and had a gestational age of at least 36 weeks and perinatal asphyxial encephalopathy. We compared intensive care plus cooling of the body to 33.

Blood sampling in infants (reducing pain and morbidity).

Introduction: Preterm or ill neonates may undergo 1-21 heel punctures or venepunctures per day. These punctures are likely to be painful. Heel punctures comprise 61-87% and venepunctures comprise 8-13% of the invasive procedures performed on ill infants.

Severity of perinatal illness and cerebral cortical growth in preterm infants.

Aim: We have shown previously that the degree of prematurity affects cortical surface area growth. We now addressed the question whether cortical surface area growth after preterm birth is predicted by the severity of peri- and postnatal illness.

Methods: Cortical surface area was measured in 269 images from 111 infants born between 23 and 29 weeks and imaged at 23 to 48 weeks gestational age (GA).

Relationship between white matter apparent diffusion coefficients in preterm infants at term-equivalent age and developmental outcome at 2 years.

Objective: The aim of this study was to develop a simple reproducible method for the measurement of apparent diffusion coefficient values in the white matter of preterm infants using diffusion-weighted imaging to test the hypothesis that elevated mean apparent diffusion coefficient values are associated with lower developmental quotient scores at 2 years' corrected age.

Methods: We obtained diffusion-weighted imaging in 38 preterm infants at term-equivalent age who had no evidence of overt cerebral pathology on conventional MRI. Mean apparent diffusion coefficient values at the level of the centrum semiovale were determined.

Early growth in brain volume is preserved in the majority of preterm infants.

Objective: Preterm infants have reduced cerebral tissue volumes in adolescence. This study addresses the question: Is reduced global brain growth in the neonatal period inevitable after premature birth, or is it associated with specific medical risk factors?

Methods: Eighty-nine preterm infants at term equivalent age without focal parenchymal brain lesions were studied with 20 full-term control infants. Using a deformation-based morphometric approach, we transformed images to a reference anatomic space, and we used the transformations to calculate whole-brain volume and ventricular volume for each subject.

Abnormal cortical development after premature birth shown by altered allometric scaling of brain growth.

Background: We postulated that during ontogenesis cortical surface area and cerebral volume are related by a scaling law whose exponent gives a quantitative measure of cortical development. We used this approach to investigate the hypothesis that premature termination of the intrauterine environment by preterm birth reduces cortical development in a dose-dependent manner, providing a neural substrate for functional impairment.

Methods And Findings: We analyzed 274 magnetic resonance images that recorded brain growth from 23 to 48 wk of gestation in 113 extremely preterm infants born at 22 to 29 wk of gestation, 63 of whom underwent neurodevelopmental assessment at a median age of 2 y.

Abnormal deep grey matter development following preterm birth detected using deformation-based morphometry.

Preterm birth is a leading risk factor for neurodevelopmental and cognitive impairment in childhood and adolescence. The most common known cerebral abnormality among preterm infants at term equivalent age is a diffuse white matter abnormality seen on magnetic resonance (MR) images. It occurs with a similar prevalence to subsequent impairment, but its effect on developing neural systems is unknown.

Axial and radial diffusivity in preterm infants who have diffuse white matter changes on magnetic resonance imaging at term-equivalent age.

Objective: Diffuse excessive high signal intensity (DEHSI) is observed in the majority of preterm infants at term-equivalent age on conventional MRI, and diffusion-weighted imaging has shown that apparent diffusion coefficient values are elevated in the white matter (WM) in DEHSI. Our aim was to obtain diffusion tensor imaging on preterm infants at term-equivalent age and term control infants to test the hypothesis that radial diffusivity was significantly different in the WM in preterm infants with DEHSI compared with both preterm infants with normal-appearing WM on conventional MRI and term control infants.

Methods: Diffusion tensor imaging was obtained on 38 preterm infants at term-equivalent age and 8 term control infants.

Can clinical signs identify newborns with neuromuscular disorders?

Objective: To evaluate retrospectively the prevalence of neuromuscular disorders in 83 newborns referred to a tertiary care center because of hypotonia and weakness and/or contractures, with a possible diagnosis of neuromuscular disorder. We also aimed to establish whether clinical signs could help to identify infants with neuromuscular disorders.

Study Design: Sixty-six of the 83 infants who fulfilled the inclusion criteria (79.

Diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging in term perinatal brain injury: a comparison with site of lesion and time from birth.

Objective: The aim of this study was to establish a more objective method for confirming tissue injury in term neonates who present with early seizures that are believed to be hypoxic-ischemic in origin.

Methods: We studied the relationship between contemporaneous diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging and conventional magnetic resonance imaging in 63 symptomatic term-born neonates and 15 control term infants performed in the neonatal period. Apparent diffusion coefficients (ADC) were obtained for multiple regions of the brain.

Diffusion-weighted imaging of the brain in preterm infants with focal and diffuse white matter abnormality.

Objective: The most common finding on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the brain in preterm infants at term-equivalent age is diffuse excessive high signal intensity (DEHSI) in the white matter. It is unclear whether DEHSI represents a biological abnormality. This study used diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) to compare apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) values in DEHSI with infants with normal imaging and those with overt brain damage to determine whether DEHSI shows the diffusion characteristics of normal or abnormal tissue.