The Phylogenetic Relationships of the Fanniidae within the Muscoid Grade (Diptera: Calyptrata) Based on the Musculature of the Male Terminalia.

The abdominal and pregenital segments and the genitalia were studied in males of (Zetterstedt, 1845), (Linnaeus, 1761) and (Zetterstedt, 1838). In comparison with the remaining members of the muscoid grade, in addition to the symmetry of the pregenital segments, significant reductions of the sclerites and musculature of the male terminalia have been observed in Fanniidae. The muscular structure of pregenital segments confirms that the fused pregenital ring is syntergosternite VI + VII + VIII.

The position of the Azeliinae in the Muscidae (Diptera) based on musculature of the male terminalia.

The male genital and pregenital skeleton and musculature were studied in males of the following species of the Muscidae subfamily Azeliinae: (Huckett, 1965), Sorokina & Pont, 2015, (Holmgren, 1883), (Zetterstedt, 1838), (Zetterstedt, 1838), (Fabricius, 1805), (Fallén, 1817), and (Harris, 1780). Descriptions and figures of the genital sclerites and muscles of and are given. A comparison was made between the genital segments and muscles of previously studied species of Mydaeinae and Muscinae and those of the Azeliinae.

Skeleton and musculature of the male abdomen in Tanyderidae (Diptera, Nematocera) of the Southern Hemisphere.

The structure of the male terminalia and their musculature of species of tanyderid genera Alexander, 1929 from Chile and Alexander, 1927 from Tasmania are examined and compared with each other and with published data on the likely relatives. The overall pattern of male terminalia of both genera is similar to those of most Southern Hemisphere genera, with simple curved gonostyli, lobe-like setose parameres, and setose cerci inconspicuous under the epandrium. Both genera have terminalia similarly rotated by 180° (and 90° as an intermediate stage); rotation may be either clockwise or counterclockwise.

X-ray microtomography (microCT) of male genitalia of (Nothybidae) and sp. (Micropezidae).

The results of manual dissection of the musculature of the male genitalia in are fully confirmed by the modern methods of Micro-CT. A comparative analysis of and sp. shows that an increase in the flexion in the genitalia of males and the displacement of syntergosternite VII to the ventral side in sp.

Musculature of the male genitalia in Rivellia (Diptera: Platystomatidae).

The musculature of male genitalia was studied hitherto only in two species of Tephritidae, one species of Platystomatidae, one species of Pallopteridae, and three species of Ulidiidae of the superfamily Tephritoidea. The split of the hypandrium from one structure into three (the hypandrium and two lateral sclerites) is traced. The hypandrial origin of the lateral sclerites of the hypandrial complex is shown based on the localization of muscle attachment sites.