Effects of a Combined Method of Normobaric Hypoxia on the Repeated Sprint Ability Performance of a Nine-Time World Champion Triathlete: A Case Report.

Elite athletes are an under-represented population in scientific studies, and there are no works analysing the influence of hypoxia in elite triathletes. The aim of this study was to analyse the influence of different methods of normobaric hypoxia on repeated sprint ability (RSA) performance. This study was a case study with an elite triathlete who has won nine triathlon world championships.

Strength and muscle mass development after a resistance-training period at terrestrial and normobaric intermittent hypoxia.

This study investigated the effect of a resistance training (R) period at terrestrial (HH) and normobaric hypoxia (NH) on both muscle hypertrophy and maximal strength development with respect to the same training in normoxia (N). Thirty-three strength-trained males were assigned to N (FiO = 20.9%), HH (2,320 m asl) or NH (FiO = 15.

Intermittent Hypoxic Training Increases and Prolongs Exercise Benefits in Adult Untrained Women.

Camacho-Cardenosa, Alba, Marta Camacho-Cardenosa, Johannes Burtscher, Pedro R. Olivares, Guillermo Olcina, and Javier Brazo-Sayavera. Intermittent hypoxic training increases and prolongs exercise benefits in adult untrained women.

Calculating Load and Intensity Using Muscle Oxygen Saturation Data.

The study aimed to calculate training intensity and load using muscle oxygen saturation (SmO) during two differentiated physical tasks. 29 university athletes participated in a 40-m Maximal Shuttle Run Test (MST, 10 × 40-m with 30 s recovery between sprints) and a 3000-m time trial run. Distance and time were used to calculate external load (EL).

Effects of intermittent hypoxia and whole-body vibration training on health-related outcomes in older adults.

Background: Aging is associated with a health impairment and an increase of the vulnerability of the older people. Strength training under intermittent hypoxic conditions has been shown to have therapeutic effects on individual's health.

Aims: The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of a combined intermittent hypoxia (IH) and whole-body vibration (WBV) training program on health-related outcomes in older people.

Training zones through muscle oxygen saturation during a graded exercise test in cyclists and triathletes.

Use of muscle oxygen saturation (SmO) has been validated as a performance factor during incremental exercise with portable near-infrared stereoscopy (NIRS) technology. However, there is little knowledge about the use of SmO to identify training zones. The objective of this study was to evaluate the metabolic zones by SmO: maximum lipid oxidation zone (Fatmax), ventilatory thresholds (VT1 and VT2) and maximum aerobic power (MAP) during a graded exercise test (GXT).

Acute physiological response to a normobaric hypoxic exposure: sex differences.

Although preliminary studies suggested sex-related differences in physiological responses to altitude/hypoxia, controlled studies from standardised exposures to normobaric hypoxia are largely lacking. Hence, the goals of this study were to provide information on cardiorespiratory responses to a 7-h normobaric hypoxia exposure and to explore potential differences between men and women. In this crossover study, a total of 15 men and 14 women were subjected to a 7-h exposure in normoxia (FiO: 21%) and normobaric hypoxia (FiO: 15%).

Intermittent Hypoxia as a Therapeutic Tool to Improve Health Parameters in Older Adults.

Aging is associated with metabolic alterations, and with a loss of strength, muscle and bone mass. Moderate intermittent hypoxia has been proposed as a new tool to enhance health-related function. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of moderate intermittent hypoxia exposures on parameters related to cardiovascular and bone health in older adults.

Monitoring Muscle Oxygen Asymmetry as a Strategy to Prevent Injuries in Footballers.

It has been hypothesized that sports injury risk is explained by muscle metabolism. The objective was to evaluate the muscle oxygen saturation slopes (ΔSmO slopes) and muscle oxygenation asymmetry (MOAsy) at rest and to study their associations with injuries during the pre-season. A total of 16 male and 10 female footballers participated in this study.

Effects of Resistance Training in Hypobaric vs. Normobaric Hypoxia on Circulating Ions and Hormones.

Hypobaric hypoxia (HH) seems to lead to different responses compared to normobaric hypoxia (NH) during physical conditioning. The aim of the study was to analyze the hormonal and circulating ion responses after performing high-intensity resistance training with different inter-set rest under HH and NH condition. Sixteen male volunteers were randomly divided into two training groups.

Short-Term Skin Temperature Responses to Endurance Exercise: A Systematic Review of Methods and Future Challenges in the Use of Infrared Thermography.

Background: Body temperature is often assessed in the core and the skin. Infrared thermography has been used to measure skin temperature (Tsk) in sport research and clinical practice. This study aimed to explore the information reported to date on the use of infrared thermography to detect short-term Tsk responses to endurance exercise and to identify the methodological considerations and knowledge gaps, and propose future directions.

Effect of hypoxic conditioning on functional fitness, balance and fear of falling in healthy older adults: a randomized controlled trial.

Background: Hypoxic conditioning has been proposed as a new tool to mitigate the sarcopenia and enhance health-related function, but decrements in standing balance have been observed during hypoxia exposure. The aim of the study was to evaluate the effect of a hypoxic conditioning training on functional fitness, balance and fear of falling in healthy older adults.

Methods: A total of 54 healthy older adults (aged 65-75 years), who voluntarily participated in the study, were randomly divided into three groups: the control group (CON), the normoxia training group (NT) that performed strength training in normoxia, and the hypoxia training group (HT) that trained under moderate hypoxic conditions at a simulated altitude of 2500 m asl.

Tent versus Mask-On Acute Effects during Repeated-Sprint Training in Normobaric Hypoxia and Normoxia.

Repeated sprint in hypoxia (RSH) is used to improve supramaximal cycling capacity, but little is known about the potential differences between different systems for creating normobaric hypoxia, such as a chamber, tent, or mask. This study aimed to compare the environmental (carbon dioxide (CO) and wet-globe bulb temperature (WGBT)), perceptual (pain, respiratory difficulty, and rate of perceived exertion (RPE)), and external (peak and mean power output) and internal (peak heart rate (HRpeak), muscle oxygen saturation (SmO), arterial oxygen saturation (SpO), blood lactate and glucose) workload acute effects of an RSH session when performed inside a tent versus using a mask. Twelve well-trained cyclists (age = 29 ± 9.

Outpatient Assessment of Mechanical Load, Heat Strain and Dehydration as Causes of Transitional Acute Kidney Injury in Endurance Trail Runners.

Background: This study aimed to globally assess heat strain, dehydration, and mechanical load as acute kidney injury (AKI) indicators in amateur endurance trail athletes during a 35.3 km run.

Methods: Thirty amateur experienced trail runners completed an endurance trail run (total positive ascend 1815 m).

Normobaric Hypoxia Exposure on Substrate Oxidation Pattern: Sex Differences.

Context: Hypoxic exposure has been associated with a metabolic perturbation that might affect basal energy expenditure (BEE).

Objective: The aim was to examine the metabolic response during hypoxic exposure of men and women adults.

Design: Crossover design with two experimental trials: normoxic and hypoxic exposure.

Effect of intermittent hypoxic conditioning on inflammatory biomarkers in older adults.

Ageing is associated with chronic low-grade inflammation and with a decrease in muscle mass and strength. The aim of the study was to evaluate the effect of a resistance training programme in conditions of intermittent hypoxia on inflammatory biomarkers in older people. A total of 54 older adults (aged 65-75 years), who voluntarily participated in the study, were randomly divided into three groups: the control (CON) group, the resistance training normoxia (RTN) group that performed resistance training in normoxia and resistance training hypoxia (RTH) group that trained under hypoxic conditions at a simulated altitude of 2500 m above sea level.

Effects of 7-day intake of hydrogen-rich water on physical performance of trained and untrained subjects.

Hydrogen-rich water (HRW) is used as a supplement to improve performance and reduce fatigue in athletes. However, the potentially beneficial effects of HRW intake could be mediated by the training status of athletes. The purpose of the study was to analyse the ergogenic effect of intake of HRW for one week on aerobic and anaerobic performance, both in trained and untrained individuals.

Haematological responses to repeated sprints in hypoxia across different sporting modalities.

The aim was to determine the effects of repeated-sprint training in hypoxia on haematocrit and haemoglobin in different sporting modalities. Seventy-two participants were randomly allocated to Active-Repeated sprint in hypoxia (A-RSH, n= 8); Active-Repeated sprint in normoxia (A-RSN, n= 8); Active-Control (A-CON, n= 8); Team Sports-RSH (T-RSH, n= 8); Team Sports-RSN (T-RSN, n= 8); Team Sports-Control (T-CON, n= 8); Endurance-RSH (E-RSH, n= 8); Endurance-RSN (E-RSN, n= 8); Endurance-Control (E-CON, n= 8). Sessions consisted of two sets of five sprints of 10 swith recovery of 20 sbetween sprints and 10 min between sets.

Muscle Oxygen Desaturation and Re-Saturation Capacity Limits in Repeated Sprint Ability Performance in Women Soccer Players: A New Physiological Interpretation.

Muscle oxygen consumption could provide information on oxidative metabolism in women soccer players. Therefore, the objective of this study was to analyze muscle oxygenation dynamics during repeated sprint ability (RSA): (8 sprint × 20 s recovery) by near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS). The sample was made up of 38 professional women soccer players.

Potential Use of Wearable Sensors to Assess Cumulative Kidney Trauma in Endurance Off-Road Running.

(1) Background: This study aimed to explore wearable sensors' potential use to assess cumulative mechanical kidney trauma during endurance off-road running. (2) Methods: 18 participants (38.78 ± 10.

Effects of Swimming-Specific Repeated-Sprint Training in Hypoxia Training in Swimmers.

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of a 4 weeks in-water swimming-specific repeated-sprint training in hypoxia (RSH) compared to similar training in normoxia (RSN). Following a repeated-measures, counterbalanced cross-over design, 10 swimmers were requested to perform two trials consisting of in-water repeated sprints in hypoxic (RSH, simulated 4,040 m; FiO = 13.7%) or normoxic (RSN, 459 m, FiO calibrated = 20.

Correction to: Auditory and frontal anatomic correlates of pitch discrimination in musicians, non‑musicians, and children without musical training.

In the original version of the article, the abstract section was missed to be added, and the abstract should read as below.

Proteinuria and Bilirubinuria as Potential Risk Indicators of Acute Kidney Injury during Running in Outpatient Settings.

: The purpose of this study was to explore which urinary markers could indicate acute kidney injury (AKI) during prolonged trail running in outpatient settings. : Twenty-nine experienced trail runners (age 39.1 ± 8.

Auditory and frontal anatomic correlates of pitch discrimination in musicians, non-musicians, and children without musical training.

Individual differences in pitch discrimination have been associated with the volume of both the bilateral Heschl's gyrus and the right inferior frontal gyrus (IFG). However, most of these studies used samples composed of individuals with different amounts of musical training. Here, we investigated the relationship between pitch discrimination and individual differences in the gray matter (GM) volume of these brain structures in 32 adult musicians, 28 adult non-musicians, and 32 children without musical training.