Validity of Gotland Male Depression Scale for male depression in a community study: the Sudurnesjamenn study.

Background: Several studies suggest a "male depressive syndrome", where not only the standard symptoms of major depressive disorder (MDD) but also symptoms of anxiety, anger, irritability and antisocial behaviour are prominent.

Method: In a community study, 534 males were screened for possible depression by the Gotland Male Depression Scale (GMDS) and Beck's Depression Inventory (BDI). For comparison psychiatrists examined a sub-sample of healthy and depressive males (n=137).

Saliva testosterone and cortisol in male depressive syndrome, a community study. The Sudurnesjamenn Study.

Introduction: The association between testosterone levels and depression is unclear. The relationship has been described as complex, i.e.

Saliva cortisol and male depressive syndrome in a community study. The Sudurnesjamenn study.

Background: The degree and direction of hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) dysfunction to male mental health is unclear.

Aims: The aim of the study was to investigate the relationship between cortisol and male mental health.

Methods: In this community study, 534 males were screened, using the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), Gotland Male Depression Scale (GMDS) and a general health questionnaire.