Environmental warming increases the importance of high-turnover energy channels in stream food webs.

Warming temperatures are altering communities and trophic networks across Earth's ecosystems. While the overall influence of warming on food webs is often context-dependent, increasing temperatures are predicted to change communities in two fundamental ways: (1) by reducing average body size and (2) by increasing individual metabolic rates. These warming-induced changes have the potential to influence the distribution of food web fluxes, food web stability, and the relative importance of deterministic and stochastic ecological processes shaping community assembly.

The prey availability and diet of juvenile Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) in low-productivity rivers in northern Europe.

The availability of resources varies across a species distributional range, and a low-productivity area can make a species more vulnerable. We investigated the invertebrate composition and prey choice of juvenile Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) in low-productivity rivers in northeast Iceland, which is one of the species' most northerly distributions.

Observational evidence linking ocean sulfur compounds to atmospheric dimethyl sulfide during Icelandic Sea phytoplankton blooms.

In two Icelandic Sea spring blooms (May 2018 and 2019) in the North Atlantic Ocean (62.9-68.0°N, 9.

Hot towels: The bedrock of Meibomian gland dysfunction treatment - A review.

Background: Meibomian gland dysfunction (MGD) reduces quality-of-life and hinders work productivity of millions of patients, with high direct and indirect societal costs. Thickened meibum obstructs the glands and disrupts ocular surface health. Heating the eyelids to soften and express meibum from the glands can be beneficial.

Change in Ocular Surface Staining during Eyelid Warming Is Related to Tear Cytokine Levels.

Purpose: To investigate the changes in the tear cytokine profile of patients with meibomian gland dysfunction (MGD) treated with eyelid warming and to correlate these changes with clinical parameters for dry eye disease (DED).

Methods: Seventy patients with MGD were included and treated with the warming of eyelids. Of these, 61 still used the treatment three months after baseline, while 48 completed the whole treatment period of six months.

Keratinocytes secrete multiple inflammatory and immune biomarkers, which are regulated by LL-37, in a psoriasis mimicking microenvironment.

Psoriasis is an autoimmune disease driven by a Th17 response linked to the antimicrobial peptide (AMP) LL-37 that has been connected to the induction and chronicity of psoriasis. We show that keratinocytes secrete various immune biomarkers with a direct link to psoriasis immunopathogenesis. Under pro-inflammatory microenvironmental conditions, LL-37 was found to regulate keratinocyte secretion of various immune biomarkers (eg C-X-C motif chemokine ligand (CXCL)8 and interleukin (IL)-1β) and alter extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK)1/2 signalling.

Invertebrate communities in springs across a gradient in thermal regimes.

In many respects, freshwater springs can be considered as unique ecosystems on the fringe of aquatic habitats. This integrates their uniqueness in terms of stability of environmental metrics. The main objective of our study was to evaluate how environmental variables may shape invertebrate diversity and community composition in different freshwater spring types and habitats within.

In-office thermal systems for the treatment of dry eye disease.

Dry eye disease affects millions of people worldwide, causing pain, vision disturbance, and reduced productivity. Meibomian gland dysfunction, a major cause of dry eye, is characterized by chronic glandular inflammation, thickening of the meibum, obstruction of terminal ducts, and glandular atrophy. Treatment of meibomian gland dysfunction can utilize heat and pressure applied to the meibomian glands, increasing meibum expression.

TheraPearl Eye Mask and Blephasteam for the treatment of meibomian gland dysfunction: a randomized, comparative clinical trial.

Meibomian gland dysfunction (MGD) is the most common cause of dry eye disease (DED). In this study, we aimed to compare the effects of eyelid warming treatment using either TheraPearl Eye Mask (Bausch & Lomb Inc., New York, USA) or Blephasteam (Spectrum Thea Pharmaceuticals LTD, Macclesfield, UK) in a Norwegian population with mild to moderate MGD-related DED.

Chambered warm moist air eyelid warming devices - a review.

Background: Eyelid warming is an important treatment for meibomian gland dysfunction (MGD). Specialized chambered devices, using warm moist air have been developed.

Purpose: To critically evaluate the literature on the safety and efficacy of chambered warm moist air devices in MGD treatment and pinpoint areas of future research.

Contrasting drivers and trends of ocean acidification in the subarctic Atlantic.

The processes of warming, anthropogenic CO (C) accumulation, decreasing pH (increasing [H]; concentration in total scale) and calcium carbonate saturation in the subarctic zone of the North Atlantic are unequivocal in the time-series measurements of the Iceland (IS-TS, 1985-2003) and Irminger Sea (IRM-TS, 1983-2013) stations. Both stations show high rates of C accumulation with different rates of warming, salinification and stratification linked to regional circulation and dynamics. At the IS-TS, advected and stratified waters of Arctic origin drive a strong increase in [H], in the surface layer, which is nearly halved in the deep layer (44.

Loss-of-Function Variants in the Tumor-Suppressor Gene Confer Increased Cancer Risk.

The success of genome-wide association studies (GWAS) in identifying common, low-penetrance variant-cancer associations for the past decade is undisputed. However, discovering additional high-penetrance cancer mutations in unknown cancer predisposing genes requires detection of variant-cancer association of ultra-rare coding variants. Consequently, large-scale next-generation sequence data with associated phenotype information are needed.

Resource supply governs the apparent temperature dependence of animal production in stream ecosystems.

Rising global temperatures are changing how energy and materials move through ecosystems, with potential consequences for the role of animals in these processes. We tested a central prediction of the metabolic scaling framework-the temperature independence of animal community production-using a series of geothermally heated streams and a comprehensive empirical analysis. We show that the apparent temperature sensitivity of animal production was consistent with theory for individuals (Ep  = 0.

Thermal niche diversity and trophic redundancy drive neutral effects of warming on energy flux through a stream food web.

Climate warming is predicted to alter routing and flows of energy through food webs because of the critical and varied effects of temperature on physiological rates, community structure, and trophic dynamics. Few studies, however, have experimentally assessed the net effect of warming on energy flux and food web dynamics in natural intact communities. Here, we test how warming affects energy flux and the trophic basis of production in a natural invertebrate food web by experimentally heating a stream reach in southwest Iceland by ~4°C for 2 yr and comparing its response to an unheated reference stream.

Diagnostic Test Efficacy of Meibomian Gland Morphology and Function.

Meibomian gland dysfunction (MGD) is the leading cause of dry eye and proposed treatments are based on disease severity. Our purpose was to establish reliable morphologic measurements of meibomian glands for evaluating MGD severity. This retrospective, cross-sectional study included 100 MGD patients and 20 controls.

Invertebrate biodiversity in cold groundwater fissures in Iceland.

Iceland has an abundance of fissures that are parallel to the Mid-Atlantic Ridge where bedrock cracks as a result of continental rifting. Some fissures penetrate the aquifer and expose the groundwater within the bedrock, becoming springs. As such, groundwater fissures have uniform and constant physical and chemical environment but they can differ greatly in morphology.