Injury and illness among Norwegian Olympic athletes during preparation for five consecutive Summer and Winter Games.

Objective: To describe the patterns of health problems among Norwegian Olympic candidates during their preparations for five consecutive Olympic Games (London 2012, Sochi 2014, Rio de Janeiro 2016, PyeongChang 2018 and Tokyo 2020).

Methods: This was a descriptive epidemiological study using the Oslo Sports Trauma Research Center Questionnaire on Health Problems to collect data on all self-reported health problems from Norwegian Olympic candidate athletes for 12-18 months prior to each Olympic Games. Team physicians and physiotherapists followed up the athlete reports, providing clinical care and classifying reported problems according to the International Olympic Committee 2020 consensus statement on methods for recording and reporting of epidemiological data on injury and illness in sport.

Methods, challenges and benefits of a health monitoring programme for Norwegian Olympic and Paralympic athletes: the road from London 2012 to Tokyo 2020.

Objective: To describe the implementation of a health monitoring programme for Norwegian Paralympic and Olympic candidates over five consecutive Olympic and Paralympic Games cycles (London 2012, Sochi 2014, Rio de Janeiro 2016, PyeongChang 2018 and Tokyo 2020).

Methods: Athletes were monitored for 12-18 months preparing for the games using a weekly online questionnaire (OSTRC-H2) with follow-up by physicians and physiotherapists, who provided clinical care and classified reported problems.

Results: Between 2011 and 2020, 533 Olympic and 95 Paralympic athletes were included in the monitoring programme, with an overall response of 79% to the weekly questionnaire and a total observation period of 30 826 athlete weeks.

Preparticipation predictors for championship injury and illness: cohort study at the Beijing 2015 International Association of Athletics Federations World Championships.

Objectives: To determine preparticipation predictors of injury and illness at a major Athletics championship.

Methods: A cohort study design was used. Before the 2015 International Association of Athletics Federations World Championships in Athletics, all 207 registered national teams were approached about partaking in a study of preparticipation health; 50 teams accepted.

Role of illness in male professional football: not a major contributor to time loss.

Background: There are limited data on the nature, type and incidence of illness in football. Previous studies indicate that gastrointestinal and respiratory tract illnesses are most common.

Aim: To describe the incidence and burden of illness in male professional football.

Preparticipation injury complaint is a risk factor for injury: a prospective study of the Moscow 2013 IAAF Championships.

Objectives: To determine the health status of athletes before the start of an international athletics championship and to determine whether preparticipation risk factors predicted in-championship injuries.

Methods: At the beginning of the 2013 International Association of Athletics Federations (IAAF) World Championships, all registered athletes (n=1784) were invited to complete a preparticipation health questionnaire (PHQ) on health status during the month preceding the championships. New injuries that occurred at the championships were prospectively recorded.

Injury and illness definitions and data collection procedures for use in epidemiological studies in Athletics (track and field): consensus statement.

Background: Movement towards sport safety in Athletics through the introduction of preventive strategies requires consensus on definitions and methods for reporting epidemiological data in the various populations of athletes.

Objective: To define health-related incidents (injuries and illnesses) that should be recorded in epidemiological studies in Athletics, and the criteria for recording their nature, cause and severity, as well as standards for data collection and analysis procedures.

Methods: A 1-day meeting of 14 experts from eight countries representing a range of Athletics stakeholders and sport science researchers was facilitated.

The Oslo Sports Trauma Research Center questionnaire on health problems: a new approach to prospective monitoring of illness and injury in elite athletes.

Background: Little information exists on the illness and injury patterns of athletes preparing for the Olympic and Paralympic Games. Among the possible explanations for the current lack of knowledge are the methodological challenges faced in conducting prospective studies of large, heterogeneous groups of athletes, particularly when overuse injuries and illnesses are of concern.

Objective: To describe a new surveillance method that is capable of recording all types of health problems and to use it to study the illness and injury patterns of Norwegian athletes preparing for the 2012 Olympic and Paralympic Games.

Fit for the fight? Illnesses in the Norwegian team in the Vancouver Olympic Games.

Background: The development of strategies to prevent illnesses before and during Olympic Games provides a basis for improved health and Olympic results.

Objective: (1) To document the efficacy of a prevention programme on illness in a national Olympic team before and during the 2010 Vancouver Olympic Winter Games (OWG), (2) to compare the illness incidence in the Norwegian team with Norwegian incidence data during the Turin 2006 OWG and (3) to compare the illness incidence in the Norwegian team with illness rates of other nations in the Vancouver OWG.

Methods: Information on prevention measures of illnesses in the Norwegian Olympic team was based on interviews with the Chief Medical Officer (CMO) and the Chief Nutrition and Sport Psychology Officers, and on a review of CMO reports before and after the 2010 OWG.

Twenty-eight-day bed rest with hypercortisolemia induces peripheral insulin resistance and increases intramuscular triglycerides.

Spaceflight represents a unique physiologic challenge to humans, altering hormonal profiles and tissue insulin sensitivity. Among these hormonal alterations, hypercortisolemia and insulin insensitivity are thought to negatively affect muscle mass and function with spaceflight. As insulin sensitivity influences the accumulation of muscle triglycerides, we examined this relationship during hypercortisolemia and inactivity.

EAA supplementation to increase nitrogen intake improves muscle function during bed rest in the elderly.

Background & Aims: Older individuals are more likely to experience extended hospitalization and become protein malnourished during hospitalization. The concomitant compulsory inactivity results in functional decline. Increasing protein intake in hospitalized patients improves nitrogen balance, but effects on function are unknown.

Amino acid supplementation decreases plasma and liver triacylglycerols in elderly.

Objective: Hypertriglyceridemia is a risk factor for coronary heart disease. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of amino acid (AA) supplementation on plasma, liver, and muscle lipid concentrations and insulin sensitivity in the elderly.

Methods: Twelve impaired glucose tolerant elderly (mean +/- SD 67.

Functional impact of 10 days of bed rest in healthy older adults.

Background: Many older individuals decline functionally during hospitalization, and the deleterious consequences of bed rest may be one cause. This study reports on the effect of 10 days of bed rest on multiple functional parameters in healthy older adults.

Methods: Healthy older men and women (n = 11, 67 +/- 5 years old) remained on bed rest for 10 days continuously, and consumed a eucaloric diet providing the Recommended Dietary Allowance for protein.

Residual effects of prior exercise and recovery on subsequent exercise-induced metabolic responses.

Data on the metabolic responses to repeated endurance exercise sessions are limited. Thus, the aims of this study were to examine (1) the impact of prior exercise on metabolic responses to a subsequent exercise session and (2) the effect of different recovery periods between two daily exercise sessions on metabolic responses to the second bout of exercise. Nine male elite athletes participated in four 25-h trials: one bout of exercise (ONE), two bouts of exercise separated by 3 h of rest and one meal (SHORT), two bouts of exercise separated by 6 h of rest and two meals (LONG), and a trial with no exercise (REST).

Immuno-endocrine and metabolic responses to long distance ski racing in world-class male and female cross-country skiers.

The purpose of this study was to characterize the extent of immune, endocrine, substrate and metabolic changes during a long-distance cross-country ski race in extremely well-trained athletes and evaluate if the blood perturbations would indicate signs of health risk. Ten male (M) and six female (F) national team skiers were investigated as they followed their usual routines of race preparations. Blood samples were drawn before and immediately after a World Cup 50-km M and 30-km F ski race with a mean finish time of 142 and 104 min, respectively.

Recovery time affects immunoendocrine responses to a second bout of endurance exercise.

The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of different durations of rest between two bouts of exercise on immunoendocrine responses during and after the second bout of exercise. Nine endurance athletes participated in three 25-h trials: 1) complete bed rest (REST), 2) two bouts of exercise separated by 3 h of rest (SHORT), and 3) two bouts of exercise separated by 6 h of rest (LONG). Each cycle ergometer exercise bout lasted 75 min at 75% of maximal O(2) uptake.

Enhanced plasma IL-6 and IL-1ra responses to repeated vs. single bouts of prolonged cycling in elite athletes.

The impact of repeated bouts of exercise on plasma levels of interleukin (IL)-6 and IL-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1ra) was examined. Nine well-trained men participated in four different 24-h trials: Long [two bouts of exercise, at 0800-0915 and afternoon exercise (Ex-A), separated by 6 h]; Short (two bouts, at 1100-1215 and Ex-A, separated by 3 h); One (single bout performed at the same Ex-A as second bout in prior trials); and Rest (no exercise). All exercise bouts were performed on a cycle ergometer at 75% of maximal O(2) uptake and lasted 75 min.