Oral and intranasal immunization with food-grade recombinant expressing high conserved region of SARS-CoV-2 spike protein triggers mice's immunity responses.

The COVID-19 pandemic began at the end of 2019 in Wuhan, China, and has spread throughout the world. Vaccination is still the most effective method of prevention of pathogenic infections, including viral infections. However, there is little evidence that vaccination can protect against SARS-CoV-2 virus for a long time.

Predicting epitopes for vaccine development using bioinformatics tools.

Epitope-based DNA vaccine development is one application of bioinformatics or studies, that is, computational methods, including mathematical, chemical, and biological approaches, which are widely used in drug development. Many studies have been conducted to analyze the efficacy, safety, toxicity effects, and interactions of drugs. In the vaccine design process, studies are performed to predict epitopes that could trigger T-cell and B-cell reactions that would produce both cellular and humoral immune responses.

Risk factors of tuberculosis infection among health care workers: A meta-analysis.

Backgrounds: Health care workers (HCWs) are globally known to have high risk of tuberculosis (TB) infection while risk factors of TB infections among HCWs are still inconclusive.

Objectives: To perform a meta-analysis in effort to identify risk factors of TB infection among HCWs.

Methods: A meta-analysis was conducted between February and July 2019.