An inter-observer assessment of mastoid pneumatization and degree classification using sigmoid sinus: comparing two levels of temporal bone computed tomograms.

Background: The degree of mastoid pneumatization of the temporal bone (TB) has been implicated in the pathogenesis of TB diseases and surgical implications, and planning of a few otologic surgeries. However, there is lack of consensus in the classification of the degree of pneumatization. This study aimed to suggest a simple, quick, and less-burden classification system for assessing and rating the degree of pneumatization by comparing two levels of TB computed tomographs (CTs) using the SS as a reference in an inter-observer assessment among otologists.

Three-dimensional volumetric analyses of temporal bone pneumatization from early childhood to early adulthood in a South African population.

Background: A debate exists on whether the size of temporal bone pneumatization is a cause or consequence of otitis media (a global disease burden). However, a normal middle-ear mucosa is a prerequisite for normal temporal bone pneumatization. This study investigated the size of temporal bone pneumatization with age and the normal distribution of air cell volume in different stages of human growth postnatally.

Influence of pneumatization on morphology of temporal bone-related vasculatures and their morphometric relationship with ear regions: a computed tomography study.

Anatomical variations in the location and position of temporal bone-related vasculature are routinely encountered in clinical practice, contributing to clinical syndromes and complexities in ear-related and neurological surgeries. Pneumatization of the temporal bone (TB) is one of several factors that have been hypothesized to influence the variabilities and variations of these vessels. This study aimed to investigate the association between the degree of pneumatization and the morphologies of some TB-related vessels, as well as their morphometrical relationship with ear regions.

Nanodelivery of antiretroviral drugs to nervous tissues.

Despite the development of effective combined antiretroviral therapy (cART), the neurocognitive impairments associated with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) remain challenging. The presence of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier (BCFB) impedes the adequate penetration of certain antiretroviral drugs into the brain. In addition, reports have shown that some antiretroviral drugs cause neurotoxicity resulting from their interaction with nervous tissues due to long-term systemic exposure.

Testicular ultrastructure and hormonal changes following administration of tenofovir disoproxil fumarate-loaded silver nanoparticle in type-2 diabetic rats.

Reproductive dysfunctions (RDs) characterized by impairment in testicular parameters, and metabolic disorders such as insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) are on the rise among human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) patients under tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (TDF) and highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART). These adverse effects require a nanoparticle delivery system to circumvent biological barriers and ensure adequate ARVDs to viral reservoir sites like testis. This study aimed to investigate the effect of TDF-loaded silver nanoparticles (AgNPs), TDF-AgNPs on sperm quality, hormonal profile, insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1), and testicular ultrastructure in diabetic rats, a result of which could cater for the neglected reproductive and metabolic dysfunctions in HIV therapeutic modality.

Temporal bone pneumatization: A scoping review on the growth and size of mastoid air cell system with age.

The interest in the mastoid air cell system arose from the association between temporal bone aeration and otitis media. Its size and growth have been considered when planning chronic and middle ear surgeries. The objective of this review was to explore the literature on the size of mastoid air cells with age, highlighting various growth rates reported and mapping out areas yet to be fully understood for further research.

Tenofovir-silver nanoparticles conjugate ameliorates neurocognitive disorders and protects ultrastructural and cytoarchitectonic properties of the prefrontal cortex in diabetic rats.

Tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (TDF) is the highly recommended antiretroviral drug in human immunodeficiency virus management. Although research has shown the neurological and metabolic disorders associated with TDF administration, the effect of TDF-silver nanoparticles conjugate (TDF-AgNPs) on the disorders has not been fully elucidated. Thus, this study evaluated the neuroprotective effects of TDF-AgNPs on ultrastructural and cytoarchitectonic properties of the prefrontal cortex (PFC) in diabetic rats.