Pervasive fitness trade-offs revealed by rapid adaptation in large experimental populations of .

Life-history trade-offs are an inherent feature of organismal biology that evolutionary theory posits play a key role in patterns of divergence within and between species. Efforts to quantify trade-offs are largely confined to phenotypic measurements and the identification of negative genetic-correlations among fitness-relevant traits. Here, we use time-series genomic data collected during experimental evolution in large, genetically diverse populations of to directly measure the manifestation of trade-offs in response to temporally fluctuating selection pressures on ecological timescales.

Dominance reversal maintains large-effect resistance polymorphism in temporally varying environments.

A central challenge in evolutionary biology is to uncover mechanisms maintaining functional genetic variation1. Theory suggests that dominance reversal, whereby alleles subject to fluctuating selection are dominant when beneficial and recessive when deleterious, can help stabilize large-effect functional variation in temporally varying environments2,3. However, empirical evidence for dominance reversal is scarce because testing requires both knowing the genetic architecture of relevant traits and measuring the dominance effects on fitness in natural conditions4.

Continuously fluctuating selection reveals fine granularity of adaptation.

Temporally fluctuating environmental conditions are a ubiquitous feature of natural habitats. Yet, how finely natural populations adaptively track fluctuating selection pressures via shifts in standing genetic variation is unknown. Here we generated genome-wide allele frequency data every 1-2 generations from a genetically diverse population of Drosophila melanogaster in extensively replicated field mesocosms from late June to mid-December (a period of approximately 12 total generations).

Continuously fluctuating selection reveals extreme granularity and parallelism of adaptive tracking.

Temporally fluctuating environmental conditions are a ubiquitous feature of natural habitats. Yet, how finely natural populations adaptively track fluctuating selection pressures via shifts in standing genetic variation is unknown. We generated high-frequency, genome-wide allele frequency data from a genetically diverse population of in extensively replicated field mesocosms from late June to mid-December, a period of ∼12 generations.

The Consensus from the (MAP) Conference 2017.

On March 24 and 25, 2017 researchers and clinicians from around the world met at Temple University in Philadelphia to discuss the current knowledge of ssp. (MAP) and its relationship to human disease. The conference was held because of shared concern that MAP is a zoonotic bacterium that poses a threat not only to animal health but also human health.

Is the Trigger in the Crohn's Disease Spectrum?

We present and discuss a 30-month investigation of a patient that presented with abdominal pain, postprandial diarrhea, bloating, and night sweats and was treated for Crohn's disease without significant improvement. The patient underwent an ileocecetomy with removal of an atonic segment with resolution of functional gastrointestinal symptoms, but profound night sweats continued postoperatively. The patient was presumptively treated for a mixed mycobacterial infection, blood cultures later grew (MAP), and she improved over time.

Plasma omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and survival in patients with chronic heart failure and major depressive disorder.

The omega-3 fatty acid (FA) concentration is low in patients with coronary heart disease (CHD). Supplement of omega-3 FA improves cardiovascular outcomes in patients with CHD and heart failure (HF). However, plasma omega-3 FA and its role for prognosis in HF patients have not been examined previously.

Algal-oil capsules and cooked salmon: nutritionally equivalent sources of docosahexaenoic acid.

Food and nutrition professionals question whether supplement-sourced nutrients appear to be equivalent to those derived from natural food sources. We compared the nutritional availability of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) from algal-oil capsules to that from assayed cooked salmon in 32 healthy men and women, ages 20 to 65 years, in a randomized, open-label, parallel-group study. In this 2-week study comparing 600 mg DHA/day from algal-oil capsules to that from assayed portions of cooked salmon, mean change from baseline in plasma phospholipids and erythrocyte DHA levels was analyzed and DHA levels were compared by Student's t tests.

Bioequivalence of Docosahexaenoic acid from different algal oils in capsules and in a DHA-fortified food.

Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), a long-chain omega-3 fatty acid, is important for eye and brain development and ongoing visual, cognitive, and cardiovascular health. Unlike fish-sourced oils, the bioavailability of DHA from vegetarian-sourced (algal) oils has not been formally assessed. We assessed bioequivalence of DHA oils in capsules from two different algal strains versus bioavailability from an algal-DHA-fortified food.

Distribution, interconversion, and dose response of n-3 fatty acids in humans.

n-3 Fatty acids have important visual, mental, and cardiovascular health benefits throughout the life cycle. Biodistribution, interconversion, and dose response data are reviewed herein to provide a basis for more rational n-3 dose selections. Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) is the principal n-3 fatty acid in tissues and is particularly abundant in neural and retinal tissue.

Cat scratch encephalopathy.

Cat scratch disease is usually a self-limited illness associated with tender lymph nodes, fever, malaise, and fatigue. Lymphadenopathy usually resolves spontaneously within three to four months. Cat scratch disease can be atypical as indicated by the presentation of our patient.

Bird fanciers' lung: a case report.

The clinical course of a case of bird fanciers' lung is described along with the considerations that are important in the management of this form of hypersensitivity pneumonitis. Diagnostic parameters, therapeutic considerations, and environmental issues are discussed in the context of the current literature.

Skin cancer detection and prevention: a community program promoting sun safe behaviors.

New cases of skin cancer will be diagnosed over one million times in the United States in 1999. Basal and squamous cell types can cause significant cosmetic morbidity. Malignant melanoma can cause serious morbidity and mortality.

Enhanced external counter pulsation: the Howard County experience in the first 18 patients.

Enhanced external counter pulsation is a noninvasive therapy that uses sequentially inflated pneumatic cuffs on the lower extremities to enhance coronary artery diastolic flow and decrease left ventricular afterload. We studied its effect on 18 patients with persistent angina despite maximal medical, surgical and catheter-based interventions. After enhanced external counter pulsation all subjects improved their functional class.

Persistent isolation of an unusual Pseudomonas species from a phenolic disinfectant system.

A well-characterized unusual Pseudomonas species contaminated the piped disinfectant system of a newly-opened laminar air flow intensive care facility. This organism was frequently isolated (10(4)-10(6) cfu/ml) from phenolic diluted 1:256 in the system, and could also be recovered (0.01-0.