Gut Microbiome Implication and Modulation in the Management of Recurrent Urinary Tract Infection.

Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are one of the most common bacterial infections, affecting more than 150 million people each year in the world. UTIs have grown exponentially in the last few years. They represent a major load for both individuals and society.

Thoracic Trauma: Current Approach in Emergency Medicine.

Chest trauma is the leading cause of death in people under 40. It is estimated to cause around 140,000 deaths each year. The key aims are to reduce mortality and the impact of associated complications to expedite recovery and to restore patient's conditions.

Serum Calprotectin in the Evaluation of Gastrointestinal Diseases: An Ace up Your Sleeve?

: Calprotectin (CP) is a calcium- and zinc-binding protein that plays a key role in innate immunity and in the recruitment of inflammatory cells. CP can be detected both in serum and in fecal samples. Serum CP (sCP) is more specific for autoimmune diseases, while fecal CP (fCP) has been well investigated for gastrointestinal diseases.

Intestinal Fibrogenesis in Inflammatory Bowel Diseases: Exploring the Potential Role of Gut Microbiota Metabolites as Modulators.

Fibrosis, sustained by the transformation of intestinal epithelial cells into fibroblasts (epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition, EMT), has been extensively studied in recent decades, with the molecular basis well-documented in various diseases, including inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs). However, the factors influencing these pathways remain unclear. In recent years, the role of the gut microbiota in health and disease has garnered significant attention.

Blood Transfusion for Major Trauma in Emergency Department.

Severe bleeding is the leading cause of death in patients with major trauma admitted to the emergency department. It is estimated that about 50% of deaths happen within a few minutes of the traumatic event due to massive hemorrhage; 30% of deaths are related to neurological dysfunction and typically happen within two days of trauma; and approximately 20% of patients died of multiorgan failure and sepsis within days to weeks of the traumatic event. Over the past ten years, there has been an increased understanding of the underlying mechanisms and pathophysiology associated with traumatic bleeding leading to improved management measures.

New Frontier on Antimicrobial Therapy: Long-Acting Lipoglycopeptides.

Long-acting lipoglycopeptides (LGPs), such as dalbavancin and oritavancin, are semisynthetic antibiotics known for their strong effectiveness against a wide array of Gram-positive bacteria. This includes , both methicillin-sensitive (MSSA) and methicillin-resistant (MRSA) strains, (CoNS), streptococci, and vancomycin-sensitive . A literature search was conducted on PubMed and on ClinicalTrials.

The Role of Gut Microbiota and the Potential Effects of Probiotics in Heart Failure.

Heart failure (HF) remains a significant global health challenge, affecting millions of individuals worldwide and posing a substantial burden on healthcare systems. HF is a syndrome of intricate pathophysiology, involving systemic inflammation, oxidative stress, metabolic perturbations, and maladaptive structural changes in the heart. It is influenced by complex interactions between cardiac function, systemic physiology, and environmental factors.

The Efficacy of a Mix of Probiotics ( LMG P-27481 and GG ATCC 53103) in Preventing Antibiotic-Associated Diarrhea and Infection in Hospitalized Patients: Single-Center, Open-Label, Randomized Trial.

Background: Antibiotic-associated diarrhea is a condition reported in 5-35% of patients treated with antibiotics, especially in older patients with comorbidities. In most cases, antibiotic-associated diarrhea is not associated with serious complications, but it can prolong hospitalization and provoke infection. An important role in the prevention of antibiotic-associated diarrhea is carried out by some probiotic strains such as or the yeast that showed good efficacy and a significant reduction in antibiotic-associated diarrhea.

PAMPs and DAMPs in Sepsis: A Review of Their Molecular Features and Potential Clinical Implications.

Sepsis is a serious organ dysfunction caused by a dysregulated immune host reaction to a pathogen. The innate immunity is programmed to react immediately to conserved molecules, released by the pathogens (PAMPs), and the host (DAMPs). We aimed to review the molecular mechanisms of the early phases of sepsis, focusing on PAMPs, DAMPs, and their related pathways, to identify potential biomarkers.

The Interplay between and Gut Microbiota in Non-Gastrointestinal Disorders: A Special Focus on Atherosclerosis.

The discovery of Helicobacter pylori () in the early 1980s by Nobel Prize winners in medicine Robin Warren and Barry Marshall led to a revolution in physiopathology and consequently in the treatment of peptic ulcer disease. Subsequently, has also been linked to non-gastrointestinal diseases, such as autoimmune thrombocytopenia, acne rosacea, and Raynaud's syndrome. In addition, several studies have shown an association with cardiovascular disease and atherosclerosis.

Role of Fecal Calprotectin in Patients Presenting to the Emergency Department with Abdominal Pain with or without Diarrhea or Rectal Bleeding.

Background And Objective: Abdominal pain is a frequent reason for admission to the Emergency Department. It may be a symptom of an underlying "organic" disease or a "functional" manifestation without an underlying anatomic or physiologic alteration. The evaluation of patients with abdominal pain is a challenge for the emergency physician and the selection of patients for second-level radiological examinations or endoscopic procedures is not always easy to perform.

Gut Microbiota Alteration and Its Modulation with Probiotics in Celiac Disease.

Celiac disease (CD) is a chronic inflammation of the small intestine triggered by gluten ingestion in genetically predisposed people. Recent literature studies highlight the possible role of the gut microbiota in the pathogenesis of this disease. The gut microbiota is a complex community of microorganisms that can interact with the innate and adaptative immune systems.

Current Trends for Delirium Screening within the Emergency Department.

Delirium is an acute neurological disorder that involves attention and cognition. It is associated with a high risk of morbidity and mortality among older people (>65 years old). In the context of the Emergency Department (ED), it is frequently experienced by patients but often not recognized.

ANCOC Score to Predict Mortality in Different SARS-CoV-2 Variants and Vaccination Status.

Background: More than three years after the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) pandemic outbreak, hospitals worldwide are still affected by coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19). The availability of a clinical score that can predict the risk of death from the disease at the time of diagnosis and that can be used even if population characteristics change and the virus mutates can be a useful tool for emergency physicians to make clinical decisions. During the first COVID-19 waves, we developed the ANCOC (age, blood urea nitrogen, C-reactive protein, oxygen saturation, comorbidities) score, a clinical score based on five main parameters (age, blood urea nitrogen, C-reactive protein, oxygen saturation, comorbidities) that accurately predicts the risk of death in patients infected with SARS-CoV-2.

Treatment of fever and associated symptoms in the emergency department: which drug to choose?

Objective: Fever is a frequent cause of admission to the Emergency Department (ED) worldwide. Although it can be caused by a wide range of conditions, the most effective treatment based on its etiology is still undetermined.

Patients And Methods: This prospective, single-center, observational study enrolled adult patients who accessed the ED for fever.

Probiotics, the Immune Response and Acute Appendicitis: A Review.

Acute appendicitis is a common reason for admission to the Emergency Department (ED). It affects almost 70% of people under 30 years of age and 10% over 60 years of age. Its diagnosis includes the combination of clinical signs, laboratory tests and imaging.

Are Short-Stay Units Safe and Effective in the Treatment of Non-Variceal Upper Gastrointestinal Bleeding?

: Emergency Department (ED) overcrowding is a health, political, and economic problem of concern worldwide. The causes of overcrowding are an aging population, an increase in chronic diseases, a lack of access to primary care, and a lack of resources in communities. Overcrowding has been associated with an increased risk of mortality.

Difficult-to-Treat Pathogens: A Review on the Management of Multidrug-Resistant .

Multidrug-resistant (MDRSE) is responsible for difficult-to-treat infections in humans and hospital-acquired-infections. This review discusses the epidemiology, microbiology, diagnosis, and treatment of MDRSE infection and identifies knowledge gaps. By using the search term "pan resistant " OR "multi-drug resistant " OR "multidrug-resistant lineages of ", a total of 64 records have been identified from various previously published studies.

The Impact of Smoking on Microbiota: A Narrative Review.

Cigarette smoke is a classic risk factor for many diseases. The microbiota has been recently indicated as a new, major player in human health. Its deregulation-dysbiosis-is considered a new risk factor for several illnesses.

Intestinal Damage, Inflammation and Microbiota Alteration during COVID-19 Infection.

Background: The virus SARS-CoV-2 is responsible for respiratory disorders due to the fact that it mainly infects the respiratory tract using the Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptors. ACE2 receptors are also highly expressed on intestinal cells, representing an important site of entry for the virus in the gut. Literature studies underlined that the virus infects and replicates in the gut epithelial cells, causing gastrointestinal symptoms such as diarrhea, abdominal pain, nausea/vomiting and anorexia.

Is BMI Associated with COVID-19 Severity? A Retrospective Observational Study.

Background: Coronavirus-19 disease (COVID-19) is an infection with high morbidity and mortality. Obesity and low body mass index (BMI) have both been linked to severe COVID-19, but recent studies have failed to confirm these associations.

Objectives: The aim of this study was to examine the relationship between BMI and disease progression in hospitalised patients with COVID-19.

Lactic Acidosis Related to Pharmacotherapy and Human Diseases.

Lactic acidosis represents one of the most common conditions that can compromise the health of intensive care unit (ICU) patients, increasing the mortality of patients with high levels of Lactate who do not receive a proper treatment within the first 6 h of hospitalization. There are two enantiomers of lactic acid: L-lactic acid (when the concentration increases, it can lead to a state of severe acidemia risking cardiovascular collapse, causing an increase in mortality in ICU patients) and D lactic acid (produced in the human organism by microbiota and its production increases during some pathological status). Generally, increased levels of serum lactic acid could be due to numerous factors, including hypoxia (caused for example by septic/cardiogenic/hypovolemic or obstructive shock), specific pathologies (e.

LA806 Supplementation in Patients with Irritable Bowel Syndrome: A Multicenter Study.

The potential benefits of Lactobacillus gasseri LA806 in IBS were previously identified in a comprehensive preclinical research program. The purpose of this multicenter study was to explore in real-life conditions changes in IBS symptoms and quality of life in patients receiving a 4-week supplementation with L. gasseri LA806.