Spontaneous Hall effect induced by collinear antiferromagnetic order at room temperature.

Magnetic information is usually stored in ferromagnets, where the ↑ and ↓ spin states are distinguishable due to time-reversal symmetry breaking. These states induce opposite signs of the Hall effect proportional to magnetization, which is widely used for their electrical read-out. By contrast, conventional antiferromagnets with a collinear antiparallel spin configuration cannot host such functions, because of symmetry (time-reversal followed by translation t symmetry) and lack of macroscopic magnetization.

Relationships between life-space mobility, physical function, and empowerment in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.

[Purpose] This study aimed to elucidate the relationship between the Life-Space Assessment measure, which conceptualizes physical activity in terms of life-space, and indicators of empowerment, and physical function, in stable patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. [Participants and Methods] This was a cross-sectional study. The participants were 25 stable outpatients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (22 males, mean age 75.

Quantification of chirality based on electric toroidal monopole.

Chirality ubiquitously appears in nature; however, its quantification remains obscure owing to the lack of microscopic description at the quantum-mechanical level. We propose a way of evaluating chirality in terms of the electric toroidal monopole, a practical entity of time-reversal even pseudoscalar (parity-odd) objects reflecting relevant electronic wave functions. For this purpose, we analyze a twisted methane molecule at the quantum-mechanical level, showing that the electric toroidal monopoles become a quantitative indicator for chirality.

Rotation, Electric-Field Responses, and Absolute Enantioselection in Chiral Crystals.

The microscopic origin of chirality, possible electric-field induced static rotational lattice deformation, and rotation-field induced electric polarization are investigated. By building up a realistic tight-binding model for the elemental Te crystal in terms of a symmetry-adapted basis, we identify the microscopic origin of the chirality and essential couplings among polar and axial vectors with the same time-reversal properties. Based on this microscopic model, we elucidate quantitatively that an interband process, driven by nearest-neighbor spin-dependent imaginary hopping, is the key factor in the electric-field induced rotation and its inverse response.

Generation of a Nonhuman Primate Model of Severe Combined Immunodeficiency Using Highly Efficient Genome Editing.

Recent advances in genome editing have facilitated the generation of nonhuman primate (NHP) models, with potential to unmask the complex biology of human disease not revealed by rodent models. However, their broader use is hindered by the challenges associated with generation of adult NHP models as well as the cost of their production. Here, we describe the generation of a marmoset model of severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID).

Function of cytochrome P450 enzymes RosC and RosD in the biosynthesis of rosamicin macrolide antibiotic produced by Micromonospora rosaria.

The cytochrome P450 enzyme-encoding genes rosC and rosD were cloned from the rosamicin biosynthetic gene cluster of Micromonospora rosaria IFO13697. The functions of RosC and RosD were demonstrated by gene disruption and complementation with M. rosaria and bioconversion of rosamicin biosynthetic intermediates with Escherichia coli expressing RosC and RosD.

Changes in cortical interneuron migration contribute to the evolution of the neocortex.

The establishment of the mammalian neocortex is often explained phylogenetically by an evolutionary change in the pallial neuronal progenitors of excitatory projection neurons. It remains unclear, however, whether and how the evolutionary change in inhibitory interneurons, which originate outside the neocortex, has been involved in the establishment of the neocortex. In this study, we transplanted chicken, turtle, mouse, and marmoset medial ganglionic eminence (MGE) cells into the embryonic mouse MGE in utero and compared their migratory behaviors.

Generating induced pluripotent stem cells from common marmoset (Callithrix jacchus) fetal liver cells using defined factors, including Lin28.

Although embryonic stem (ES) cell-like induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells have potential therapeutic applications in humans, they are also useful for creating genetically modified human disease models in nonhuman primates. In this study, we generated common marmoset iPS cells from fetal liver cells via the retrovirus-mediated introduction of six human transcription factors: Oct-3/4, Sox2, Klf4, c-Myc, Nanog, and Lin28. Four to five weeks after introduction, several colonies resembling marmoset ES cells were observed and picked for further expansion in ES cell medium.

Preimplantation development of somatic cell cloned embryos in the common marmoset (Callithrix jacchus).

The somatic cell nuclear transfer technique has been applied to various mammals to produce cloned animals; however, a standardized method is not applicable to all species. We aimed here to develop optimum procedures for somatic cell cloning in nonhuman primates, using common marmosets. First, we confirmed that parthenogenetic activation of in vitro matured oocytes was successfully induced by electrical stimulation (three cycles of 150 V/mm, 50 microsec x 2, 20 min intervals), and this condition was applied to the egg activation procedure in the subsequent experiments.

Generation of transgenic non-human primates with germline transmission.

The common marmoset (Callithrix jacchus) is increasingly attractive for use as a non-human primate animal model in biomedical research. It has a relatively high reproduction rate for a primate, making it potentially suitable for transgenic modification. Although several attempts have been made to produce non-human transgenic primates, transgene expression in the somatic tissues of live infants has not been demonstrated by objective analyses such as polymerase chain reaction with reverse transcription or western blots.

Real-time analysis for MBE by time-resolved core-level photoelectron spectroscopy.

A system has been developed for the real-time analysis of surface reactions during molecular beam epitaxial growth which uses photoelectron spectroscopy with VUV light taken from synchrotron radiation. This system consists of a synchrotron radiation beamline and growth/analysis apparatus in which photoelectron spectroscopy is performed with sub-second time resolution. In this system, photoelectron spectra are measured in sequence by a 'non-scanning' measurement method that enables the acquisition of snapshot photoelectron spectra using a multi-channel detector.

Improvement of spectrometer energy resolution for high-resolution photoelectron spectroscopy.

For high-energy-resolution photoelectron spectroscopy using synchrotron radiation, the energy resolution of a commercial compact photoelectron spectrometer (hemispherical concentric spectrometer) was improved by reducing the size of the entrance and detector slits and optimizing the operation conditions of the lens voltage. Under the optimized conditions, ray-tracing simulations show that severe spectral intensity decreases can be avoided. An energy resolution of 6.

Dr. Kiyoshi Shiga: discoverer of the dysentery bacillus.

The clinical manifestations of dysentery have been described for centuries, and the prototypic bacterial agent, Shigella dysenteriae, was identified 100 years ago. In the English language there has been remarkably little written about Dr. Kiyoshi Shiga, discoverer of the dysentery bacillus.

Screening for new antitrichomonal substances of microbial origin and antitrichomonal activity of trichostatin A.

In vitro and in vivo screening methods for new antitrichomonal substances were established. Primary screening is based on in vitro antitrichomonal activities of culture broths of actinomycetes isolated from soil. With secondary screening, after crude materials obtained from the cultured broths were administered orally to mice, excretion of antitrichomonal activity into urine was examined.

Clostomicins, new antibiotics produced by Micromonospora echinospora subsp. armeniaca subsp. nov. I. Production, isolation, and physico-chemical and biological properties.

A soil isolate named as Micromonospora echinospora subsp. armeniaca subsp. nov.

Lustromycin, a new antibiotic produced by Streptomyces sp.

A new antibiotic, lustromycin, was isolated from the cultured broth of Streptomyces sp. SK-1071. It exhibits selective antibacterial activity against anaerobic bacteria including Clostridium sp.

Phosalacine, a new herbicidal antibiotic containing phosphinothricin. Fermentation, isolation, biological activity and mechanism of action.

Phosalacine, a new herbicidal antibiotic containing phosphinothricin was isolated from the culture filtrate of a soil isolate Kitasatosporia phosalacinea KA-338. It was a water soluble, amphoteric compound obtained as an amorphous powder (C14H28N3O6P, MW 365). The antibiotic exhibited antimicrobial activity against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria and some fungi on a minimal medium and the activity was reversed by L-glutamine.

Takaokamycin, a new peptide antibiotic produced by Streptomyces sp.

A new peptide antibiotic named takaokamycin was isolated from a fermentation broth of Streptomyces sp. AC-1978, a soil isolate. It exhibits antibacterial activity against some Gram-positive bacteria.

Studies on bacterial cell wall inhibitors. X. Properties of phosph-N-acetylmuramoyl-pentapeptide-transferase in peptidoglycan synthesis of Bacillus megaterium and its inhibition by amphomycin.

The phospho-N-acetylmuramoyl-pentapeptide-transferase from Bacillus megaterium KM was characterized by the transfer reaction. The particulate enzyme preparation had the activity to transfer phospho-N-acetylmuramoyl-pentapeptide from UDP-N-acetylmuramoyl-pentapeptide to undecaprenoid-1-ol-phosphate. The optimum pH for activity was about 8.

Virantmycin, a new antiviral antibiotic produced by a strain of Streptomyces.

Virantmycin, a novel chlorine-containing antiviral antibiotic, has been isolated from Streptomyces nitrosporeus No. AM-2722. The active substance in culture broth is isolated as colorless needles by solvent extraction followed by high performance liquid chromatography on silicic acid.