Gap-Trailing: Scaffolding and Exploring Situated Knowledge.

User knowledge and lived experiences are pivotal in bridging the gaps between the environment and individuals causing disability. Examples of best practices help us refine and develop the theoretical groundings of UD in academia and the practical implementation in design practices. Yet best practices are also needed in our methodological approaches across research and practice concerning how to work with and in the intersection of people and environments.

Visual Impairment and Lighting: Comparing Guidelines and Illumination in Homes.

Universal Design aims to ensure that as many people as possible can participate equally in society, with equal access to housing, education, workplaces, institutions, and public spaces. In the construction field, many of our existing guidelines still need to catch up regarding the diversity of user needs and preferences. Recent developments in low vision rehabilitation have underscored the pivotal role of domestic lighting in fostering independent living and enhancing the quality of life for people with visual impairments.

Filaggrin Mutation Status and Prevention of Atopic Dermatitis with Maternal Probiotic Supplementation.

The World Allergy Organization recommends probiotics in the prevention of atopic dermatitis in high-risk populations. Mutations in the filaggrin gene (FLG) result in an increased risk of atopic dermatitis through disruption of the skin keratin layer. This exploratory study investigated whether the preventive effect of maternal probiotics was evident in children with and without FLG mutations.

Systemic inflammatory proteins in offspring following maternal probiotic supplementation for atopic dermatitis prevention.

Background: Maternal probiotic supplementation has a promising effect on atopic dermatitis (AD) prevention in infancy. In the randomised controlled study, Probiotics in the Prevention of Allergy among Children in Trondheim (ProPACT), maternal probiotics reduced the cumulative incidence of AD in their offspring by 40% at 2 years of age. However, our understanding on how probiotics prevented AD is still limited, and the role of inflammatory proteins in infants following maternal probiotic supplementation is unclear.

SupportPrim-a computerized clinical decision support system for stratified care for patients with musculoskeletal pain complaints in general practice: study protocol for a randomized controlled trial.

Background: Musculoskeletal disorders represented 149 million years lived with disability world-wide in 2019 and are the main cause of years lived with disability worldwide. Current treatment recommendations are based on "one-size fits all" principle, which does not take into account the large degree of biopsychosocial heterogeneity in this group of patients. To compensate for this, we developed a stratified care computerized clinical decision support system for general practice based on patient biopsychosocial phenotypes; furthermore, we added personalized treatment recommendations based on specific patient factors to the system.

A Study of Environmental Factors in Low Vision Rehabilitation.

Healthcare has the past decades shifted from a narrow medical perspective to a more holistic, biopsychosocial perspective. Disability understood as a contextual condition constituted by the relation of the individual to their social and physical context. The disability model of the International Classification of Functions (ICF) contextualizes activity, participation, body functions and structure by including environmental and personal factors.

Impact of Lighting Assessment and Optimization on Participation and Quality of Life in Individuals with Vision Loss.

This pilot study was designed to investigate the effects of a holistic lighting intervention on the quality of life for individuals with low vision. Sixty participants (44 women; median age 69 years) with visual impairment received lighting interventions, including a home visit and consultation in a lighting lab. Assisted by low vision consultants, participants evaluated their performance using the Canadian Occupational Performance Measure (COPM) before and after the intervention.

Allergy-related diseases and early gut fungal and bacterial microbiota abundances in children.

Background: The early gut microbiota has been proposed as an important link between environmental exposures and development of allergy-related diseases. Beyond the widely investigated associations between the gut bacterial microbiota, we investigated the involvement of early gut mycobiota and gut permeability in the pathogenesis of asthma, allergic rhinoconjunctivitis (AR) and eczema.

Methods: In the Probiotics in the Prevention of Allergy among Children in Trondheim trial with maternal probiotic supplementation, we collected faecal samples at four timepoints between 0 and 2 years from a cohort of 278 children.

Universal Design and Low-Vision Rehabilitation: The Case for a Holistic Lighting Assessment.

Among various approaches to handling friction between (dis)abilities and the built environment, universal design (UD) has emerged as an interdisciplinary field for research and practice. However, while the literature denotes UD as a design concept, practice, and strategy for rehabilitation, its true impact is still largely unknown. To explore the rehabilitative potential of UD and determine how to evaluate its impact, this paper seeks to turn the tables.

Duration of breastfeeding, age at introduction of complementary foods and allergy-related diseases: a prospective cohort study.

Background: The influences of breastfeeding and infant diet in the prevention of allergy-related diseases are uncertain and many of the studies conducted on the topic are limited by methodological challenges. Our aim was to assess whether the duration of breastfeeding and age at complementary food introduction affected the prevalence of asthma, wheeze, allergic rhinoconjunctivitis (ARC) and eczema at two and six years of age.

Methods: We used information gathered between 2000 and 2014 through questionnaires in the Prevention of Allergy among Children in Trondheim (PACT) study, a prospective cohort study in Trondheim, Norway.

Early Gut Fungal and Bacterial Microbiota and Childhood Growth.

Childhood growth is a sensitive marker of health. Animal studies show increased height and weight velocity in the presence of fungal as well as antibiotic supplement in feed. Human studies on early gut microbiota and anthropometrics have mainly focused on bacteria only and overweight, with diverging results.

Culture dependent and independent analyses suggest a low level of sharing of endospore-forming species between mothers and their children.

Spore forming bacteria comprise a large part of the human gut microbiota. However, study of the endospores in gut microbiota is limited due to difficulties of culturing and numerous unknown germination factors. In this study we propose a new method for culture-independent characterization of endospores in stool samples.

Fish Consumption at One Year of Age Reduces the Risk of Eczema, Asthma and Wheeze at Six Years of Age.

Background: The role of dietary fish and n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-PUFAs) in the primary prevention of allergic diseases remains uncertain. The aim of this study was to investigate associations between the consumption of fish and cod liver oil (rich in n-PUFAs) from pregnancy to the first two years of life, and parental reported allergic diseases at six years of age.

Methods: We used data from the Prevention of Allergy among Children in Trondheim study and included mother-infant pairs who had submitted questionnaires detailing both maternal or infant diet and allergic disease at six years of age.

Liquid array diagnostics: a novel method for rapid detection of microbial communities in single-tube multiplex reactions.

We present a novel liquid array diagnostics (LAD) method, which enables rapid and inexpensive detection of microbial markers in a single-tube multiplex reaction. We evaluated LAD both on pure cultures, and on infant gut microbiota for a 15-plex reaction. LAD showed more than 80% accuracy of classification and a detection limit lower than 2% of the Illumina reads per sample.

Low Maternal Microbiota Sharing across Gut, Breast Milk and Vagina, as Revealed by 16S rRNA Gene and Reduced Metagenomic Sequencing.

The maternal microbiota plays an important role in infant gut colonization. In this work we have investigated which bacterial species are shared across the breast milk, vaginal and stool microbiotas of 109 women shortly before and after giving birth using 16S rRNA gene sequencing and a novel reduced metagenomic sequencing (RMS) approach in a subgroup of 16 women. All the species predicted by the 16S rRNA gene sequencing were also detected by RMS analysis and there was good correspondence between their relative abundances estimated by both approaches.

Prenatal exposure to persistent organic pollutants and child overweight/obesity at 5-year follow-up: a prospective cohort study.

Background: Prenatal exposure to persistent organic pollutants (POPs), may influence offspring weight gain. More prospective epidemiological studies are needed to compliment the growing body of evidence from animal studies.

Methods: Serum from 412 pregnant Norwegian and Swedish women participating in a Scandinavian prospective cohort study were collected in 1986-88, and analyses of two perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) and five organochlorines (OCs) were conducted.

Breastfeeding-associated microbiota in human milk following supplementation with Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG, Lactobacillus acidophilus La-5, and Bifidobacterium animalis ssp. lactis Bb-12.

Breastfeeding is one of the major factors affecting the early development of the infant gut microbiota, and weaning is associated with a shift in the gut microbiota toward a more adult composition. Through breastfeeding, infants receive bioactive components that shape their microbiota while also being exposed to the breast milk and breast surface microbial communities. Recent studies have suggested the possibility of an entero-mammary route of microbial transfer, opening the possibility of infant gut microbiota modulation through maternal probiotic supplementation.

Diversity of vaginal microbiota increases by the time of labor onset.

Vaginal microbiota is an important early source of bacterial colonization for newborns. However, only a few small studies have investigated the composition of vaginal microbiota during labor. In this work, we analyzed vaginal swabs collected at 36 weeks gestation and at the onset of labor from 256 women participating in a randomized placebo-controlled study of probiotic supplementation for the prevention of atopic dermatitis in offspring.

Early gut mycobiota and mother-offspring transfer.

Background: The fungi in the gastrointestinal tract, the gut mycobiota, are now recognised as a significant part of the gut microbiota, and they may be important to human health. In contrast to the adult gut mycobiota, the establishment of the early gut mycobiota has never been described, and there is little knowledge about the fungal transfer from mother to offspring.

Methods: In a prospective cohort, we followed 298 pairs of healthy mothers and offspring from 36 weeks of gestation until 2 years of age (1516 samples) and explored the gut mycobiota in maternal and offspring samples.

Reduced Th22 cell proportion and prevention of atopic dermatitis in infants following maternal probiotic supplementation.

Background: In the randomized, controlled study Probiotics in the Prevention of Allergy among Children in Trondheim (ProPACT), maternal probiotic supplementation reduced the incidence of atopic dermatitis (AD) in the offspring. In the current study, we hypothesized that the effect was mediated by a shift in the T helper (Th) cells in the children.

Objective: To examine whether Th cell proportions were affected by maternal probiotic supplementation and thus could mediate the preventive effect of probiotics on AD.

Factors Associated with Maternal Serum Levels of Perfluoroalkyl Substances and Organochlorines: A Descriptive Study of Parous Women in Norway and Sweden.

Introduction: Perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) and organochlorines (OCs) are ubiquitous and persistent in the environment and proposed endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs). They can be transferred across the placenta during pregnancy, and studies suggest that the prenatal period may be particularly sensitive for influences on fetal growth and development. Several studies have investigated socio-demographic and pregnancy related factors associated with maternal serum PFAS and OC levels, but few studies have been conducted in time periods with increasing emissions of PFASs and recent emissions of OCs.