RhoA Allosterically Activates Phospholipase Cε via its EF Hands.

Phospholipase Cε (PLCε) cleaves phosphatidylinositol lipids to increase intracellular Ca and activate protein kinase C (PKC) in response to stimulation of cell surface receptors. PLCε is activated via direct binding of small GTPases at the cytoplasmic leaflets of cellular membranes. In the cardiovascular system, the RhoA GTPase regulates PLCε to initiate a cardioprotective pathway, but the underlying molecular mechanism is not known.

Cryo-EM Structure of Phospholipase Cε Defines N-terminal Domains and their Roles in Activity.

Phospholipase Cε (PLCε) increases intracellular Ca and protein kinase C (PKC) activity in the cardiovascular system in response to stimulation of G protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) and receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs). The ability of PLCε to respond to these diverse inputs is due, in part, to multiple, conformationally dynamic regulatory domains. However, this heterogeneity has also limited structural studies of the lipase to either individual domains or its catalytic core.

How can lessons from the COVID-19 pandemic enhance antimicrobial resistance surveillance and stewardship?

COVID-19 demanded urgent and immediate global attention, during which other public health crises such as antimicrobial resistance (AMR) increased silently, undermining patient safety and the life-saving ability of several antimicrobials. In 2019, WHO declared AMR a top ten global public health threat facing humanity, with misuse and overuse of antimicrobials as the main drivers in the development of antimicrobial-resistant pathogens. AMR is steadily on the rise, especially in low-income and middle-income countries across south Asia, South America, and Africa.

Hospital-based antimicrobial stewardship, India.

Objective: To establish a framework for implementing antimicrobial stewardship in Indian tertiary care hospitals, and identify challenges and enablers for implementation.

Methods: Over 2018-2021 the Indian Council of Medical Research followed a systematic approach to establish a framework for implementation of antimicrobial stewardship in Indian hospitals. We selected 20 Indian tertiary care hospitals to study the feasibility of implementing a stewardship programme.

An integrated surveillance network for antimicrobial resistance, India.

Objective: To assess the preparedness of veterinary laboratories in India to participate in an integrated antimicrobial resistance surveillance network and to address gaps in provision identified.

Methods: The Indian Council of Medical Research and the Indian Council of Agricultural Research collaborated: (i) to select eight nationally representative veterinary microbiology laboratories whose capacity for participating in an integrated antimicrobial resistance surveillance network would be assessed using a standardized tool; (ii) to identify gaps in provision from the assessment findings; and (iii) to develop a plan, and take the necessary steps to address these gaps in consultation with participating organizations.

Findings: The main gaps in provision identified were: (i) a lack of dedicated funding for antimicrobial resistance surveillance; (ii) the absence of standard guidelines for antimicrobial susceptibility testing; (iii) a shortage of reference strains for testing and quality assurance; and (iv) the absence of mechanisms for sharing data.

ICMR's Antimicrobial Resistance Surveillance system (-AMRSS): a promising tool for global antimicrobial resistance surveillance.

Background: Growing resistance to antimicrobials has become an important health issue of the 21st century. Many international, national and local approaches are being employed for the control and prevention of antimicrobial resistance (AMR). Among them, surveillance is reported to be the best method to reduce the spread of infection and thereby AMR.

Removal of foreign body airway obstruction: A systematic review of interventions.

Objective: To summarise in a systematic review the effectiveness of interventions to treat foreign body airway obstructions (FBAO).

Methods: We searched MEDLINE, EMBASE, and the Cochrane library from inception on 30th September 2019 for studies that described the effectiveness of interventions to treat FBAO in adults and children. We included randomised controlled trials, observational studies and case series (≥5 cases) that described evidence of benefit.

Insertion sequences and sequence types profile of clinical isolates of carbapenem-resistant A. baumannii collected across India over four year period.

Objectives: Acinetobacter baumannii emerged as a major nosocomial pathogen responsible for infections. In this study, we report the molecular characterization, association of insertion sequences and sequence types of clinical isolates of carbapenem resistant A. baumannii.

Developing a hybrid antimicrobial resistance surveillance system in India: Needs & challenges.

Growing resistance to antimicrobials has become one of the most important problems of the 21 century. The development of new antibiotics is a time-consuming process involving huge financial resources. An alternate approach is proper utilization of the existing antibiotics through the surveillance of resistance.

Current antibiotic use in the treatment of enteric fever in children.

Background & Objectives: Antimicrobial resistance is a major challenge in the treatment of typhoid fever with limited choices left to empirically treat these patients. The present study was undertaken to determine the current practices of antibiotic use in children attending a tertiary care hospital in north India.

Methods: This was a descriptive observational study in children suffering from enteric fever as per the case definition including clinical and laboratory parameters.

Plasmid profiles among some ESKAPE pathogens in a tertiary care centre in south India.

Background & Objectives: Plasmid has led to increase in resistant bacterial pathogens through the exchange of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) genetic determinants through horizontal gene transfer. Baseline data on the occurrence of plasmids carrying AMR genes are lacking in India. This study was aimed to identify the plasmids associated with AMR genetic determinants in ESKAPE pathogens.

Molecular characterization of extended-spectrum β-lactamases among clinical isolates of & : A multi-centric study from tertiary care hospitals in India.

Background & Objectives: The increasing prevalence of extended-spectrum β-lactamases (ESBLs) has abated therapeutic options worldwide. This study was undertaken to investigate the molecular profile and resistance patterns of ESBLs among clinical isolates of Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae at four tertiary care centres in India.

Methods: Clinical isolates of E.

Molecular characterization of colistin-resistant & its clonal relationship among Indian isolates.

Background & Objectives: Klebsiella pneumoniae (KP), a common cause of invasive infections, is often extensively drug resistant in India. At present, studies on resistance mechanism and clonal relationship of KP from India are limited. The present study was undertaken to determine the resistance mechanism and clonal relationship of colistin-resistant isolates obtained from various specimens.

Policy document on antimicrobial stewardship practices in India.

Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in India has become a great threat because of high rate of infectious diseases. One of the key contributing factors is high antibiotic use due to poor prescription practices, self-medication, over-the-counter sale of drugs and lack of awareness. Antimicrobial stewardship programme (AMSP) have been proved to be successful in restraining sale and use of antibiotics to a large extent in many countries.

Establishing Antimicrobial Resistance Surveillance & Research Network in India: Journey so far.

The Indian Council of Medical Research, in 2013, initiated the Antimicrobial Resistance Surveillance & Research Network (AMRSN) to enable compilation of data on six pathogenic groups on antimicrobial resistance from the country. The overarching aim of this network was to understand the extent and pattern of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) and use this evidence to guide strategies to control the spread of AMR. This article describes the conception and implementation of this AMR surveillance network for India.

Dominance of international high-risk clones in carbapenemase-producing : Multicentric molecular epidemiology report from India.

Background: Pseudomonas aeruginosa is one of the most common opportunistic pathogens that cause severe infections in humans. The burden of carbapenem resistance is particularly high and is on the rise. Very little information is available on the molecular mechanisms and its clonal types of carbapenem-resistant P.

Newer β-Lactam/β-Lactamase inhibitor for multidrug-resistant gram-negative infections: Challenges, implications and surveillance strategy for India.

Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a major public health concern across the globe, and it is increasing at an alarming rate. Multiple classes of antimicrobials have been used for the treatment of infectious diseases. Rise in the AMR limits its use and hence the prerequisite for the newer agents to combat drug resistance.

Strengthening infection prevention and control and systematic surveillance of healthcare associated infections in India.

Establishing and expanding government led networks to strengthen infection prevention and control and healthcare associated infection surveillance are essential to effectively tackle antimicrobial resistance. discuss the progress in India

Characterisation of antimicrobial resistance in during 2014-2015 from four centres across India: An ICMR antimicrobial resistance surveillance network report.

Purpose: The main purpose of this study was to establish 'Antimicrobial Resistance Surveillance Network' in India and to monitor the antimicrobial susceptibility profile of clinical isolates to establish a national network across the country for monitoring antimicrobial resistance in Salmonella.

Materials And Methods: This study was conducted at All India Institute of Medical Sciences, nodal centre with clinical isolates of Salmonellae collected from four centres across India, which included Christian Medical College, Vellore; Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh and Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research, Puducherry. Total 20% of the selected strains from each centre were characterised for molecular studies which included molecular mechanism of fluoroquinolones resistance and multiple locus sequence type.

Prevalence and genetic mechanisms of antimicrobial resistance in species: A multicentre report of the indian council of medical research antimicrobial resistance surveillance network.

Purpose: Routine surveillance of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is an essential component of measures aimed to tackle the growing threat of resistant microbes in public health. This study presents a 1-year multicentre report on AMR in Staphylococcus species as part of Indian Council of Medical Research-AMR surveillance network.

Materials And Methods: Staphylococcus species was routinely collected in the nodal and regional centres of the network and antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed against a panel of antimicrobials.

Molecular characterisation of antimicrobial resistance in and during 2014 and 2015 collected across India.

Background: Surveillance of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is of great importance. Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Acinetobacter baumannii are important pathogens and emergence of resistance in these have increased the morbidity and mortality rates. This surveillance study was initiated by the Government of India - Indian Council of Medical Research.

Antimicrobial stewardship programme (AMSP) practices in India.

A survey was conducted to ascertain practice of antimicrobial stewardship programme (AMSP) in India for 2013. A total of 20 health care institutions (HCI) responded to a detailed questionnaire. All the institutions contacted were tertiary care HCI, of which 12 were funded by government (GHCI) and 8 were corporate/private HCI (PHCI).