Moral Intuition Regarding the Possibility of Conscious Human Brain Organoids: An Experimental Ethics Study.

The moral status of human brain organoids (HBOs) has been debated in view of the future possibility that they may acquire phenomenal consciousness. This study empirically investigates the moral sensitivity in people's intuitive judgments about actions toward conscious HBOs. The results showed that the presence/absence of pain experience in HBOs affected the judgment about the moral permissibility of actions such as creating and destroying the HBOs; however, the presence/absence of visual experience in HBOs also affected the judgment.

Relationships between experimental task and questionnaire measures of reward/punishment sensitivity in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD): protocol for a scoping review.

Introduction: One of the purported underlying causal mechanisms of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is altered motivational processes. Questionnaires have been used to identify the characteristics of reward and punishment sensitivity in individuals with ADHD. However, these questionnaires were initially developed to measure individual traits related to anxiety (inhibitory) and impulsivity (approach) tendencies or differences in pleasure-seeking.

Psychologically based interventions for adults with chronic neuropathic pain: a scoping review.

Objective: As psychologically based interventions have been shown to have clinical utility for adults with chronic pain generally, a similar benefit might be expected in the management of chronic neuropathic pain (NeuP). However, to date, this has not been established, with existing systematic reviews on this topic being hampered by the scarcity of randomized controlled trials (RCTs). This review aimed to identify the type of psychologically based interventions studied for adults with chronic NeuP.

Dosiomics for intensity-modulated radiotherapy in patients with prostate cancer: survival analysis stratified by baseline prostate-specific antigen and Gleason grade group in a 2-institutional retrospective study.

Objective: This study evaluated the prognostic impact of the quality of dose distribution using dosiomics in patients with prostate cancer, stratified by pretreatment prostate-specific antigen (PSA) levels and Gleason grade (GG) group.

Methods: A total of 721 patients (Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research [JFCR] cohort: N = 489 and Tokyo Radiation Oncology Clinic [TROC] cohort: N = 232) with localized prostate cancer treated by intensity-modulated radiation therapy were enrolled. Two predictive dosiomic features for biochemical recurrence (BCR) were selected and patients were divided into certain groups stratified by pretreatment PSA levels and GG.

Prediction of Tumor PD-L1 Expression in Resectable Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer by Machine Learning Models Based on Clinical and Radiological Features: Performance Comparison With Preoperative Biopsy.

Objective: We investigated if PD-L1 expression can be predicted by machine learning using clinical and imaging features.

Methods: We included 117 patients with c-stage I/II non-small cell lung cancer who underwent radical resection. A total of 3951 radiomic features were extracted by defining the tumor (within tumor contour), rim (contour ±3 mm) and exterior (contour +10 mm) on preoperative contrast computed tomography.

NFIA in adipocytes reciprocally regulates mitochondrial and inflammatory gene program to improve glucose homeostasis.

Adipose tissue is central to regulation of energy homeostasis. Adaptive thermogenesis, which relies on mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation (Ox-Phos), dissipates energy to counteract obesity. On the other hand, chronic inflammation in adipose tissue is linked to type 2 diabetes and obesity.

Semi-Automated Isolation of the Stromal Vascular Fraction from Murine White Adipose Tissue Using a Tissue Dissociator.

The in vitro study of white, brown, and beige adipocyte differentiation enables the investigation of cell-autonomous functions of adipocytes and their mechanisms. Immortalized white preadipocyte cell lines are publicly available and widely used. However, the emergence of beige adipocytes in white adipose tissue in response to external cues is difficult to recapitulate to the full extent using publicly available white adipocyte cell lines.

Detection of mutations in early-stage lung adenocarcinoma by machine learning-based radiomics.

Background: We hypothesized that epidermal growth factor receptor () mutations could be detected in early-stage lung adenocarcinoma using radiomics.

Methods: This retrospective study included consecutive patients with clinical stage I/II lung adenocarcinoma who underwent curative-intent pulmonary resection from March-December 2016. Using preoperative enhanced chest computed tomography, 3,951 radiomic features were extracted in total from the tumor (area within the tumor boundary), tumor rim (area within ±3 mm of the tumor boundary), and tumor exterior (area between +10 mm outside the tumor and tumor boundary).

Moderating effect of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder tendency on the relationship between delay discounting and procrastination in young adulthood.

Among adults with ADHD, one of the most common problems in daily life is procrastination. ADHD is characterized by attention as well as suboptimal decision-making deficits, indicating difficulty in making long-term reward choices. However, little is known about the relationship between suboptimal decision-making or temporal discounting (TD) and procrastination among adults with ADHD.

Intensity-modulated radiation therapy for intermediate-risk prostate cancer: does ADT still have an impact in the dose-escalated external beam radiation therapy era?

Background: This study aimed to investigate the effect of androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) on the survival of intermediate-risk prostate cancer (IR-PCA) patients treated with dose-escalated external beam radiation therapy (DE-EBRT), and to determine the group that will benefit from ADT.

Methods: We analysed 620 IR-PCA patients treated with DE-EBRT at two institutions. Variables were adjusted using the stabilised inverse probability of treatment weighting method (sIPTW) between radiation therapy (RT) and RT plus ADT groups.

Proselfs depend more on model-based than model-free learning in a non-social probabilistic state-transition task.

Humans form complex societies in which we routinely engage in social decision-making regarding the allocation of resources among ourselves and others. One dimension that characterizes social decision-making in particular is whether to prioritize self-interest or respect for others-proself or prosocial. What causes this individual difference in social value orientation? Recent developments in the social dual-process theory argue that social decision-making is characterized by its underlying domain-general learning systems: the model-free and model-based systems.

NFIA determines the -effect of genetic variation on Ucp1 expression in murine thermogenic adipocytes.

Thermogenic brown and beige adipocytes counteract obesity by enhancing energy dissipation via uncoupling protein-1 (Ucp1). However, the effect of genetic variation on these cells, a major source of disease susceptibility, has been less well studied. Here we examined beige adipocytes from obesity-prone C57BL/6J (B6) and obesity-resistant 129X1/SvJ (129) mouse strains and identified a -regulatory variant rs47238345 that is responsible for differential Ucp1 expression.

Dissecting the Prefrontal Network With Pathway-Selective Manipulation in the Macaque Brain-A Review.

Macaque monkeys are prime animal models for studying the neural mechanisms of decision-making because of their close kinship with humans. Manipulation of neural activity during decision-making tasks is essential for approaching the causal relationship between the brain and its functions. Conventional manipulation methods used in macaque studies are coarse-grained, and have worked indiscriminately on mutually intertwined neural pathways.

A Japanese prospective multi-institutional feasibility study on accelerated partial breast irradiation using multicatheter interstitial brachytherapy: clinical results with a median follow-up of 60 months.

Background: We carried out the first multi-institutional prospective study on accelerated partial breast irradiation (APBI) via multicatheter interstitial brachytherapy in a shorter period for early breast cancer in Japan.

Methods: Patient eligibility criteria included positive hormone receptors, tumors ≤ 3 cm and TNM stage pN0M0. After breast-conserving surgery (Japanese cylindrical resection) and histological confirmation of negative surgical margins and the absence of lymph node metastasis, applicator implantation was performed either postoperatively or intraoperatively.

Dosimetric comparison between three-dimensional conformal radiotherapy followed by electron beam boost and volumetric modulated arc therapy using concomitant boost for the heart and cardiac segments in patients with left-sided breast cancer at risk for radiation-induced cardiac toxicity.

Purpose: We aimed to compare dosimetric parameters between three-dimensional conformal radiation therapy followed by electron beam boost (3D-CRT + EB) and volumetric modulated arc therapy using simultaneous integrated boost (SIB-VMAT) in left-sided breast cancer patients.

Methods: This study included 57 patients with left-sided breast cancer who underwent SIB-VMAT. All patients had a computed tomography-based maximum heart distance of ≥ 1 cm and were prescribed a dose of 42.

Comparison Between Dose-Escalated Intensity Modulated Radiation Therapy and 3-Dimensional Conformal Radiation Therapy for Salvage Radiation Therapy After Prostatectomy.

Purpose: To compare long-term outcomes and late toxicity between patients treated with 3-dimensional conformal radiation therapy (3D-CRT) and with dose-escalated intensity modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) as salvage radiation therapy (SRT) after prostatectomy.

Methods And Materials: A total of 110 patients who had been treated at our institution between 2010 and 2018 with SRT for biochemical recurrence after radical prostatectomy were included. The patients were treated either by 3D-CRT with 64 Gy (59 patients) or by IMRT with 70 Gy (51 patients).

The Moderating Effect of Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder Symptoms on the Relationship Between Procrastination and Internalizing Symptoms in the General Adult Population.

The symptoms of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) are known to exacerbate the effect of cognitive-behavioral impairments on emotional burden. Although adults with ADHD frequently experience procrastination and internalizing symptoms such as depression and anxiety, few studies have examined whether the association between procrastination and internalizing symptoms differs by ADHD symptoms. This study aimed to examine the moderating effect of ADHD symptoms on the association between procrastination and internalizing symptoms.

Dose-Based Radiomic Analysis (Dosiomics) for Intensity Modulated Radiation Therapy in Patients With Prostate Cancer: Correlation Between Planned Dose Distribution and Biochemical Failure.

Purpose: Although radiation therapy is one of the most significant treatment modalities for localized prostate cancer, the prognostic factors for biochemical recurrence (BCR) regarding the treatment plan are unclear. We aimed to develop a novel dosiomics-based prediction model for BCR in patients with prostate cancer and clarify the correlations between the dosimetric factors and BCR.

Methods And Materials: This study included 489 patients with localized prostate cancer (BCR: 96; no-BCR: 393) who received intensity modulated radiation therapy.

Outcomes of intensity-modulated radiation therapy for intermediate- or high-risk prostate cancer: a single-institutional study.

Background: There are few reports from Japan about the outcomes of intensity-modulated radiation therapy for localized prostate cancer. This study was aimed at assessing the efficacy and toxicity of intensity-modulated radiation therapy in patients with intermediate- or high-risk prostate cancer.

Methods: We conducted a review of the data, retrieved from our institutional database, of patients who had received intensity-modulated radiation therapy for localized prostate cancer at a radiation dose of 78 Gy in 39 fractions.

Chemogenetic inactivation reveals the inhibitory control function of the prefronto-striatal pathway in the macaque brain.

The lateral prefrontal cortex (LPFC) has a strong monosynaptic connection with the caudate nucleus (CdN) of the striatum. Previous human MRI studies have suggested that this LPFC-CdN pathway plays an important role in inhibitory control and working memory. We aimed to validate the function of this pathway at a causal level by pathway-selective manipulation of neural activity in non-human primates.