Enlargement of the human prefrontal cortex and brain mentalizing network: anatomically homogenous cross-species brain transformation.

To achieve a better understanding of the evolution of the large brain in humans, a comparative analysis of species differences in the brains of extant primate species is crucial, as it allows direct comparisons of the brains. We developed a method to achieve anatomically precise region-to-region homologous brain transformations across species using computational neuroanatomy. Utilizing three-dimensional neuroimaging data from humans (Homo sapiens), chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes), and Japanese macaques (Macaca fuscata), along with the anatomical labels of their respective brains, we aimed to create a cross-species average template brain that preserves neuroanatomical correspondence across species.

Estimating the paths and mechanical behaviors of the plantar aponeurosis during dynamic movements using a multiple-marker foot model incorporating anatomically-detailed plantar aponeurosis morphology.

Background: Several foot models have been developed to estimate the behaviors of the plantar aponeurosis (PA) during movements. However, these models did not consider the actual path of the PA, and their validity remains insufficiently investigated due to the absence of direct PA measurement during movements.

Research Question: Would developing a foot model that considers the actual path of the PA improve the accuracy of estimating the PA behavior during movements?

Methods: The foot model was developed based on the CT scans of the six feet with 20 markers attached.

Crystal structure of -poly[[di-aqua-di-imida-zole-cobalt(II)]-μ-2,3,5,6-tetra-bromo-benzene-1,4-di-carboxyl-ato].

The asymmetric unit of the title compound, [Co(CBrO)(CHN)(HO)] or [Co(Brbdc)(im)(HO)] , comprises half of Co ion, tetra-bromo-benzene-dicarboxylate (Brbdc), imidazole (im) and a water mol-ecule. The Co ion exhibits a six-coordinated octa-hedral geometry with two oxygen atoms of the Brbdc ligand, two oxygen atoms of the water mol-ecules, and two nitro-gen atoms of the im ligands. The carboxyl-ate group is nearly perpendicular to the benzene ring and shows monodentate coordination to the Co ion.

X-Ray Fluoroscopy-Based Kinematic Analysis of Quadrupedal Locomotion in Slow and Fast Fatigue-Resistant Motor Neuron-Deleted Mice.

Introduction/aims: VAChT-Cre is a transgenic mouse line targeting slow-twitch fatigue-resistant and fast-twitch fatigue-resistant motor neurons that innervate oxidative type I and type IIa muscle fibers. To ablate these neurons, VAChT-Cre mice were crossbred with NSE-DTA mice, leading to the expression of diphtheria toxin A after Cre-mediated excision. The resulting VAChT-Cre;NSE-DTA mice exhibited motor deficits, abnormal locomotion, muscular atrophy, and tremor, making them a useful model for studying motor neuron physiology and pathology.

A cadaveric study of wrist-joint moments in chimpanzees and orangutans with implications for the evolution of knuckle-walking.

Understanding the mechanism underlying the evolution of knuckle-walking in African great apes but not in humans may provide important implications about the origin and evolution of human bipedal locomotion. In this study, aiming to reveal possible structural adaptations of the chimpanzee's forearm and hand musculature related to knuckle-walking, we measure the passive elastic moment of the chimpanzee's and orangutan's wrist as it was rotated into extension, immobilizing the metacarpophalangeal joint at three different positions: extended (as in knuckle-walking), flexed (as in fist-walking), and an intermediate position. Our findings demonstrate that when the metacarpophalangeal joints are extended, the rigidity of the wrist joint in the extended direction increases.

Estimating three-dimensional foot bone kinematics from skin markers using a deep learning neural network model.

The human foot is a complex structure comprising 26 bones, whose coordinated movements facilitate proper deformation of the foot, ensuring stable and efficient locomotion. Despite their critical role, the kinematics of foot bones during movement remain largely unexplored, primarily due to the absence of non-invasive methods for measuring foot bone kinematics. This study addresses this gap by proposing a neural network model for estimating foot bone movements using surface markers.

Geometric Morphometric Study on Distinguishing Metopic Craniosynostosis from Metopic Ridging.

Background: Craniosynostosis, a common congenital anomaly, results from premature fusion of the cranial sutures. One of the forms of craniosynostosis is premature fusion of the metopic suture, referred to as trigonocephaly, but the diagnosis of metopic suture synostosis remains controversial. The purpose of this study was to clarify, using geometric morphometric analysis, if a metopic ridge alone observed in cases of mild trigonocephaly represents a pathological phenomenon.

Crystal structures of 1,1'-bis-(carb-oxy-meth-yl)-4,4'-bipyridinium derivatives.

The crystal structures of 2-[1'-(carb-oxy-meth-yl)-4,4'-bi-pyridine-1,1'-diium-1-yl]acetate tetra-fluoro-borate, CHNO ·BF or (Hbcbpy)(BF), and neutral 1,1'-bis-(carboxyl-atometh-yl)-4,4'-bi-pyridine-1,1'-diium (bcbpy), CHNO, are reported. The asymmetric unit of the (Hbcbpy)(BF) consists of a Hbcbpy monocation, a BF anion, and one-half of a water mol-ecule. The BF anion is disordered.

Direct visualization and measurement of the plantar aponeurosis behavior in foot arch deformation via the windlass mechanism.

The plantar aponeurosis (PA) is an elastic longitudinal band that contributes to the generation of a propulsive force in the push-off phase during walking and running through the windlass mechanism. However, the dynamic behavior of the PA remains unclear owing to the lack of direct measurement of the strain it generates. Therefore, this study aimed to visualize and quantify the PA behavior during two distinct foot postures: (i) neutral posture and (ii) windlass posture with midtarsal joint plantarflexion and metatarsophalangeal joint dorsiflexion, using computed tomography scans.

Type selective ablation of postnatal slow and fast fatigue-resistant motor neurons in mice induces late onset kinetic and postural tremor following fiber-type transition and myopathy.

Animals on Earth need to hold postures and execute a series of movements under gravity and atmospheric pressure. VAChT-Cre is a transgenic Cre driver mouse line that expresses Cre recombinase selectively in motor neurons of S-type (slow-twitch fatigue-resistant) and FR-type (fast-twitch fatigue-resistant). Sequential motor unit recruitment is a fundamental principle for fine and smooth locomotion; smaller-diameter motor neurons (S-type, FR-type) first contract low-intensity oxidative type I and type IIa muscle fibers, and thereafter larger-diameter motor neurons (FInt-type, FF-type) are recruited to contract high-intensity glycolytic type IIx and type IIb muscle fibers.

Skipping without and with hurdles in bipedal macaque: global mechanics.

Macaques trained to perform bipedally used running gaits across a wide range of speeds. At higher speeds they preferred unilateral skipping (galloping). The same asymmetric stepping pattern was used while hurdling across two low obstacles placed at the distance of a stride within our experimental track.

Crystal structure of dilithium biphenyl-4,4'-di-sulfonate dihydrate.

The asymmetric unit of the title compound, μ-biphenyl-4,4'-di-sulfonato-bis-(aqua-lithium), [Li(CHOS)(HO)] or Li[Bph(SO)](HO), consists of an Li ion, half of the diphenyl-4,4'-di-sulfonate [Bph(SO )] ligand, and a water mol-ecule. The Li ion exhibits a four-coordinate tetra-hedral geometry with three oxygen atoms of the Bph(SO ) ligands and a water mol-ecule. The tetra-hedral LiO units, which are inter-connected by biphenyl moieties, form a layer structure parallel to (100).

Morphological features of the non-affected side of the hindfoot in patients with unilateral varus ankle osteoarthritis.

Background: The innate shape characteristics of the hindfoot bones alter the loading conditions of the foot and thus may be associated with an increased risk of developing varus ankle osteoarthritis (OA). This study aimed to clarify the innate morphological patterns of the hindfoot bones that may be associated with ankle OA by analyzing the differences between the bone morphology of the non-affected side of patients with unilateral varus ankle OA and that of healthy participants.

Methods: In this case-control study, computed tomography images were used to develop three-dimensional models of three hindfoot bones (distal tibia with fibula, talus, and calcaneus) from 23 non-affected sides of patients with radiography-diagnosed unilateral ankle OA and 22 healthy control participants.

Sex differences in the kinematics and kinetics of the foot and plantar aponeurosis during drop-jump.

Plantar fasciitis is one of the most common musculoskeletal injuries in runners and jumpers, with a higher incidence in females. However, mechanisms underlying sex-associated differences in its incidence remain unclear. This study investigated the possible differences in landing and jumping kinematics and kinetics of the foot between sexes during drop-jump activities.

Regulation of whole-body angular momentum during human walking.

In human walking, whole-body angular momentum (WBAM) about the body centre-of-mass is reportedly maintained in a small range throughout a gait cycle by the intersegmental cancellation of angular momentum. However, the WBAM is certainly not zero, which indicates that external moments applied from the ground due to ground reaction forces (GRFs) and vertical free moments (VFMs) counteract the WBAM. This study provides a complete dataset of the WBAM, each segmental angular momentum, and the external moments due to GRFs and VFMs during human walking.

Functional significance of vertical free moment for generation of human bipedal walking.

In human bipedal walking, the plantar surface of the foot is in contact with the floor surface, so that a vertical free moment (VFM), a torque about a vertical axis acting at the centre-of-pressure due to friction between the foot and the ground, is generated and applied to the foot. The present study investigated the functional significance of the VFM in the mechanics and evolution of human bipedal walking by analysing kinematics and kinetics of human walking when the VFM is selectively eliminated using point-contact shoes. When the VFM was selectively eliminated during walking, the thorax and pelvis axially rotated in-phase, as opposed to normal out-of-phase rotation.

Peak vertical ground force of hand-knee crawling in human adults.

[Purpose] Fall risk is immanent in humans because they are bipedal. Bipedalism has transited from quadrupedalism in both evolutional and developmental contexts. Past studies have measured the peak vertical ground force of forelimbs and hindlimbs in quadrupedalism; and revealed that load dominancy shifted from forelimbs to hindlimbs during evolution.

Heterogeneous intercalated metal-organic framework active materials for fast-charging non-aqueous Li-ion capacitors.

Intercalated metal-organic frameworks (iMOFs) based on aromatic dicarboxylate are appealing negative electrode active materials for Li-based electrochemical energy storage devices. They store Li ions at approximately 0.8 V vs.

Transorbital penetrating head injury by a wooden chopstick in the cavernous sinus: a case report and literature review.

Penetrating head injury is a relatively rare condition associated with high morbidity and mortality. Although the immediate treatment of penetrating head injury is needed, surgical strategies are varied based on the trajectory of the penetrating objects in the cranium. We present a case of 24-year-old man who sustained a transorbital penetrating injury caused by a wooden chopstick.

Morphological invariant of the midsagittal deep brain anatomy between humans and African great apes.

Objectives: Efforts have been made to mathematically reconstruct the brain morphology from human fossil crania to clarify the evolutionary changes in the brain that are associated with the emergence of human cognitive ability. However, because conventional reconstruction methods are based solely on the endocranial shape, deep brain structures cannot be estimated with sufficient accuracy. Our study aims to investigate the possible morphological correspondence between the cranial and deep brain morphologies based on humans and African great apes, with the goal of a more precise reconstruction of fossil brains.

Three-dimensional morphological variations in the calcaneus and talus in relation to the hallux valgus angle.

Background: The present study aimed to clarify the morphological patterns of the calcaneus and talus that are associated with hallux valgus angle (HVA) by quantifying the differences in the hindfoot bone morphology between left and right sides in HV patients with clear bilateral difference of HVA.

Methods: Three-dimensional (3D) computed tomography scans of 32 feet of 16 patients with HV who had right-to-left HVA differences of more than 5 degrees (68.8 ± 8.

Quantification of the in vivo stiffness and natural length of the human plantar aponeurosis during quiet standing using ultrasound elastography.

This study aimed to identify the stiffness and natural length of the human plantar aponeurosis (PA) during quiet standing using ultrasound shear wave elastography. The shear wave velocity (SWV) of the PA in young healthy males and females (10 participants each) was measured by placing a probe in a hole in the floor plate. The change in the SWV with the passive dorsiflexion of the metatarsophalangeal (MP) joint was measured.

Mathematical model based on staircase structure for porous electrode impedance.

Mathematical models for porous electrode impedance have been widely used in energy conversion and storage. They are also utilized for obtaining the physicochemical dynamics, resulting in theoretical understanding and prediction in practical energy devices. The existing mathematical models are limited in their explanations.