Peri-implant health, clinical outcome and patient-centred outcomes of implant-supported overdentures in the mandible and the maxilla.

Objectives/aims: The primary aim of this retrospective pilot study was to evaluate the clinical outcome of overdentures on four non-splinted maxillary implants compared to the mandible using locator attachments and secondly to assess patient's opinion of the treatment.

Materials And Methods: The treatment protocol used here is summarised as a single-stage surgical approach followed by immediate loading (same day in 12 of 17 patients) of a removable prosthesis in the maxilla and mandible. Most of the implants were installed into fresh extraction sockets.

First Nations women's mental health: results from an Ontario survey.

The mental health of Canada's Aboriginal women has received little scholarly attention. This paper describes the mental health of First Nations women living on reserve in Ontario and compares these findings with results from the National Population Health Survey (NPHS). Reserve communities were randomly selected within urban, rural, remote and special access regions.

A pilot study of adjunctive family psychoeducation in adolescent major depression: feasibility and treatment effect.

Objective: To obtain preliminary evidence of the feasibility and effectiveness of adjunctive family psychoeducation in adolescent major depressive disorder.

Method: Participants were from outpatient clinics in Hamilton and London, Ontario. Over 24 months, 41 adolescents ages 13 through 18 years meeting major depressive disorder criteria were recruited (31 in Hamilton, 10 in London).

Postoperative fractures of the lingual plate after bilateral sagittal split osteotomies.

We encountered the unusual complication of postoperative fracture of the lingual plate in four patients after bilateral sagittal split osteotomy. We then did a retrospective review to identify possible risk factors. Over a 1-year period we did 52 bilateral split osteotomies.

A public health strategy to improve the mental health of Canadian children.

Mental health problems are the leading health problems that Canadian children currently face after infancy. At any given time, 14% of children aged 4 to 17 years (over 800,000 in Canada) experience mental disorders that cause significant distress and impairment at home, at school, and in the community. Fewer than 25% of these children receive specialized treatment services.

Gender differences in the effects of family adversity on the risk of onset of DSM-III-R social phobia.

Utilizing a random probability sample of Canadian residents aged 15-64 (n = 8116), this study assessed gender differences in the onset of social phobia and the moderating influence of gender on indicators of childhood family adversity hypothesized to increase the risk of developing the disorder. Results revealed statistically significant "gender by family adversity" interactions that varied by disorder sub-type. Among males, absence of a parent or other adult close confidant during childhood was associated with an elevated risk of developing social phobia (all diagnosed cases and the non-generalized sub-type).

Youth at risk of homelessness in an affluent Toronto suburb.

Background: This study examines the characteristics and needs of 69 youth who are homeless, or at risk of homelessness at Pathway's Home Base Youth Drop-In Centre in the affluent suburb of Richmond Hill, Ontario, Canada.

Methods: A semi-structured interview examined demographics, characteristics, living arrangements, family characteristics, substance use, mental health, criminal activity and educational experiences of the youth in this sample.

Results: The majority of youth came from economically advantaged families and were currently residing with their parents, but were substantially more at risk than their mainstream peers in measures related to youth homelessness.

Chronic physical health conditions and disability among Canadian school-aged children: a national profile.

Objective: The objective of this study was to provide a national health and disability profile of Canadian school-aged children based on the World Health Organization's definitions of health condition and disability that would facilitate international comparisons of child health data.

Methods: Data were used from the National Longitudinal Survey of Children and Youth, a 1994 - 95 population-based sample of 22 831 children.

Findings: An estimated total of 30.

Stress, social support and depression in single and married mothers.

Background: This study examined the effect of stress and social support on the relationship between single-parent status and depression.

Method: A secondary data analysis of the 1994-95 National Population Health Survey was conducted. Single and married mothers who participated in the survey were derived from the general sample (N = 2,921).

The epidemiology of major depressive episodes: results from the International Consortium of Psychiatric Epidemiology (ICPE) Surveys.

Absence of a common diagnostic interview has hampered cross-national syntheses of epidemiological evidence on major depressive episodes (MDE). Community epidemiological surveys using the World Health Organization Composite International Diagnostic Interview administered face-to-face were carried out in 10 countries in North America (Canada and the US), Latin America (Brazil, Chile, and Mexico), Europe (Czech Republic, Germany, the Netherlands, and Turkey), and Asia (Japan). The total sample size was more than 37,000.

The health of Ontario First Nations people: results from the Ontario First Nations Regional Health Survey.

Objective: To describe the health of First Nations adults residing on Ontario reserves using data from the Ontario First Nations Regional Health Survey (OFNRHS).

Method: Communities were randomly selected; individuals were systematically selected based on gender and age. Health questions were parallel to those used in the National Population Health Survey (NPHS) and included general health, chronic conditions, substance use, and health service utilization.

The prevalence of treated and untreated mental disorders in five countries.

We analyzed survey data from Canada, Chile, Germany, The Netherlands, and the United States to study the prevalence and treatment of mental and substance abuse disorders. Total past-year prevalence estimates range between 17.0 percent (Chile) and 29.

Child psychiatric epidemiology and Canadian public policy-making: the state of the science and the art of the possible.

Epidemiological studies have characterized the high burden of suffering that child psychiatric disorders cause--14% of children (1.1 million in Canada) have clinically important disorders at any given time. In this review, we summarize the recent research and discuss several unresolved scientific issues that must be addressed to make epidemiology more useful to policy-makers.

The effects of co-morbidity on the onset and persistence of generalized anxiety disorder in the ICPE surveys. International Consortium in Psychiatric Epidemiology.

Background: Although it is well known that generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) is highly co-morbid with other mental disorders, little is known about the extent to which earlier disorders predict the subsequent first onset and persistence of GAD. These associations are examined in the current report using data from four community surveys in the World Health Organization (WHO) International Consortium in Psychiatric Epidemiology (ICPE).

Method: The surveys come from Brazil, Canada, the Netherlands and the United States.

Doing better with "bad kids": explaining the policy-research gap with conduct disorder in Canada.

Conduct disorder (severe and persistent antisocial behaviour in children and youth) is an important community mental health problem in Canada and has been the focus of considerable recent public policy debate. Good research evidence is available on effective (and ineffective) interventions for conduct disorder. Paradoxically, however, relatively little of the research evidence is incorporated into policy decision-making.

Child well-being in single-mother families.

Objectives: Children from single-mother families are at increased risk of psychosocial morbidity. This article examines the strength of association between single-mother family status and child outcome, both alone and controlling for other sociodemographic and personal (maternal/family) variables.

Method: Data from the Canadian National Longitudinal Survey of Children and Youth Cycle 1 (1994-1995) were used.

Should postpartum depression be targeted to improve child mental health?

Objective: To evaluate whether postpartum depression (PD) is an appropriate target to prevent poor child outcomes.

Method: Criteria are proposed for evaluating the appropriateness of targeting PD. The target factor should (1) be a causal factor for the negative outcome, (2) have high attributable risk for the negative outcome, (3) be alterable, and (4) be easily and accurately identified through screening.

Screening for conduct problems: does the predictive accuracy of conduct disorder symptoms improve with age?

Objectives: To investigate the influence of age on the predictive accuracy of conduct disorder (CD) symptoms for future CD and to evaluate the usefulness of CD symptoms as a screening tool in normal populations.

Method: Two cohorts were derived from the Canadian National Longitudinal Survey of Children and Youth based on age at baseline (cohort 1: ages 5-6, n = 881; cohort 2: ages 8-9, n = 859). CD symptoms were assessed with behavior symptom checklists at baseline and the 2-year follow-up assessment.

DSM-IV internal construct validity: when a taxonomy meets data.

The use of DSM-IV based questionnaires in child psychopathology is on the increase. The internal construct validity of a DSM-IV based model of ADHD, CD, ODD, Generalised Anxiety, and Depression was investigated in 11 samples by confirmatory factor analysis. The factorial structure of these syndrome dimensions was supported by the data.

Screening for anxiety and depression in early adolescence.

Objective: To examine the level of diagnostic and discriminative accuracy of three dimensional rating scales for detecting anxiety and depressive disorders in a school-based survey of 9th grade youths.

Method: Classroom screening instruments, the Center for Epidemiologic Studies-Depression Scale (CES-D), the Revised Children's Manifest Anxiety Scale (RCMAS), and the Multidimensional Anxiety Scale for Children (MASC) were administered to 632 youths from three sites in 1998. On the basis of rating scale results, samples of high-scoring and non-high-scoring youths were invited to participate in a diagnostic interview conducted within 2 months of the screening sessions.

Familial influences on substance use by adolescents and young adults.

This study uses data from the Ontario Health Survey to examine within-family influences (sibship number, age and sex composition; family structure and parental substance use) on the use of tobacco, alcohol and marijuana in households (N = 4,643) among offspring aged 12 to 24 years. Using a modification of the kappa statistic, concordance among siblings is modest generally and undifferentiated across substance type. Concordance is stronger among sibships that are either all male or older (19-24 years) and is particularly strong for siblings < or = two years apart in age.

How do risk factors work together? Mediators, moderators, and independent, overlapping, and proxy risk factors.

Objective: The authors developed a methodological basis for investigating how risk factors work together. Better methods are needed for understanding the etiology of disorders, such as psychiatric syndromes, that presumably are the result of complex causal chains.

Method: Approaches from psychology, epidemiology, clinical trials, and basic sciences were synthesized.