A multilingual audiometer simulator software for training purposes.

Conclusion: A set of algorithms, which allows a computer to determine the answers of simulated patients during pure tone and speech audiometry, is presented. Based on these algorithms, a computer program for training in audiometry was written and found to be useful for teaching purposes.

Objectives: To develop a flexible audiometer simulator software as a teaching and training tool for pure tone and speech audiometry, both with and without masking.

Abnormal aorta and iliac arteries in children with urogenital abnormalities.

Retroiliac ureters have been found in association with a variety of urogenital abnormalities but the iliac artery usually retains a retroperitoneal position. We report 7 children with various urogenital abnormalities (cloacal malformation 4, bladder agenesis 1, urogenital sinus 1, neuropathic bladder 1) in whom the lower aorta and iliac arteries were so distorted as to pose a significant operative hazard. In all cases the distal aorta and/or iliac arteries lay within the peritoneal cavity, often anterior to the bladder.

[Traumatic pseudocyst of the lung].

A rare complication of closed chest injury is the traumatic pulmonary pseudocyst. A well documented case of a 15-year-old boy with this definite, acutely formed, primary structural manifestation within the lung is reported with a short review of nomenclature, pathogenesis, diagnosis and treatment.

Granular cystitis in girls. Long-term follow-up.

Granular cystitis or 'papular cystitis' is a very common form of cystitis in young girls. In this paper we show the evolution of this affliction in women after puberty. In a series we were able to follow up leukoplakia or follicular cystitis patients to the age of 16 years.

Neourothelium in bladder augmentation. An experimental study in rats.

Experimental surgery in 7 rats was used to investigate the possibility of trigonal urothelium overgrowth into a segment of bowel which had its own mucosa removed. After subtotal cystectomy the intestinal mucosa from the cecum was completely stripped away, and the cecum was then anastomosed to the remainder of the bladder. Urothelial overgrowth of the bowel surface was evident one (3 animals) and two months (4 animals) after the initial procedure.

Influence of early closure of soft palatal clefts on the pharyngeal skeleton: observation by CT scan.

According to the literature (Schweckendiek, 1955; Malek and Psaume, 1983), early closure of the soft palate is a factor in the development of better phonation. The reason for this favorable outcome is not yet known with any certainty. One of the factors may be the volume of the epipharynx, which depends on the distance between the pterygoid processes and their orientation in space.

The use of bladder mucosa and combined bladder mucosa/preputial skin grafts for urethral reconstruction.

Autologous bladder mucosa was used as a free graft for urethral reconstruction in 47 patients. However, in some cases the graft extended to the tip of the penis and became exposed to air. The resultant columnar metaplasia and hypertrophic changes in the mucosa produced stickiness and occlusion of the meatus.

Small bowel esophagoplasty without vascular microanastomosis: a preliminary report.

An intestinal segment through staged augmentation of its blood supply can be well suited to bridge a gap in the esophagus from the abdomen to the neck.

Repair of cloacal malformation using combined posterior sagittal and abdominal perineal approaches.

Cloacal malformations in female infants are not very common and their treatment is most challenging because every case differs from the others. In the light of a well-documented case, the authors describe the complexity of the malformation, the difficulties of making a correct detailed diagnosis, and the chronology of repair. They stress the advantage of the posterior sagittal approach for the first part of the operation, changing for the second part to a supine and later to a lithotomy position.

Autologous bladder mucosa graft for urethral substitution.

Bladder mucosa was used to construct a neourethra in 32 children. Twenty-five of them had had previous failed surgery for hypospadias and seven had severe congenital defects of the urethra. A satisfactory functional and cosmetic result was achieved in 30 patients.

Penile agenesis: a report of six cases.

Agenesis of the penis is an extremely rare anomaly, occurring only once in 30 million births. This low incidence is responsible for the limited experience with this anomaly. There are only about 70 published cases, most reports being of one or two patients.

Unilaterally impalpable testis.

Thirty children presenting with a unilateral impalpable testis and a normally descended contralateral testis underwent surgical exploration. The testis was absent ('vanishing testis') in 12 cases (40%) and orchidectomy for a dysgenetic testis was performed in a further 5 cases. The overall rate of monorchism following surgery was therefore 56%.

Renal tumours other than Wilms' tumour in the paediatric age group.

The non-Wilms' renal tumours in the paediatric age group may be classified according to age of onset, clinical-biological behaviour and morphology. This distinction is of practical importance because treatment and prognosis are different from those of Wilms' tumours. We report on clinical features, histological patterns, treatment and outcome of 9 cases seen between 1959 and 1981: - renal cell carcinoma (3 patients) - congenital mesoblastic nephroma (2 patients) - bone metastasizing renal tumour (3 patients) - angioleiomyolipoma (1 patient) Our experience is compared with the few reports of the same conditions in the literature.

Extrinsic enteroureteroplasty: a piggyback technique for mid-ureteric replacement.

Replacement of the ureter was performed in 10 piglets using a serosa-lined intestinal tube. It was constructed by plication of the intestine and closing it at the antemesenteric border. The tube was then interposed to bridge a ureteral defect of variable length (4-6 cm).

[Double kidney with ureterocele].

Twenty-six children with ureteroceles--twenty-three with unilateral double collecting system and three with bilateral double kidney--are analyzed. The clinical and radiological features of these ureteroceles are presented. The different possibilities of surgical management and their results are discussed.

[Development of small intestinal neomucosa].

Under certain conditions epithelium grows on the peritoneal surface. By folding the colon of the rat the authors constructed a seromuscular tunnel of which the two ends were sutured to the transsected ileum, making normal small bowel passage possible. 6-12 weeks after the operation a pouch was found on which a one-layer cylindric epithelium had developed showing evidence of disaccharidase activity.

[Ultrasonographic antenatal detection of obstructed bladder (author's transl)].

The antenatal diagnosis of bladder obstruction may be possible by ultrasonography of the mother. We report herein four cases of prenatally detected megacystis: two were Prune Belly syndromes, one of which was aborted. The two others were female infants, one had a megacystis-microcolon-hypoperistalsis syndrome, in the other hypoperistalsis was present along with megacystis.