AMBRA1 is involved in T cell receptor-mediated metabolic reprogramming through an ATG7-independent pathway.

Metabolic reprogramming contributes to dynamic alteration of cell functions and characteristics. In T cells, TCR-mediated signaling evokes metabolic reprogramming and autophagy. AMBRA1 is known to serve in the facilitation of autophagy and quality control of mitochondria, but the role of AMBRA1 in T cell metabolic alteration is unknown.

A Comparison of Characteristic Properties and Qualitative Difference between Three Kinds of Triamcinolone Acetonide.

Objective: To conduct a study comparing 3 triamcinolone acetonide preparations in terms of their particle surface observed with a scanning electron microscope, their particle size distribution, and sedimentation in order to discuss their ability to facilitate visualization during vitreous surgery and the clinical results.

Methods: Kenacort-A®, the newer form of MaQaid, and the older form of MaQaid® were used. A scanning electron microscope and a measuring device were used.