Altered Surrogate Markers of Inflammation in Perinatal HIV-Exposed Children with Caries.

Objective: Dental caries is associated with immunologic response, yet its association with hematologic parameters and inflammatory markers is unclear. This study aimed to examine the relationship between some surrogate markers of inflammation and dental caries in the context of perinatal exposure to human immunodeficiency virus (HIV).

Methods: This cross-sectional study involved 2 groups of children aged 4 to 11 y who were (1) HIV exposed but uninfected (HEU) and (2) HIV unexposed/uninfected (HUU) and recruited from HIV pediatric and child outpatient clinics, respectively, at a tertiary health facility in Nigeria.

HIV Infection and Exposure Increases Cariogenic Taxa, Reduces Taxonomic Turnover, and Homogenizes Spatial Differentiation for the Supragingival Microbiome.

Background: The oral microbiome comprises distinct microbial communities that colonize diverse ecological niches across the oral cavity, the composition of which are influenced by nutrient and substrate availability, host genetics, diet, behavior, age, and other diverse host and environmental factors. Unlike other densely populated human-associated microbial ecosystems (e.g.

Impact of perinatal HIV exposure and infection on salivary properties among Nigerian children.

Background: There is growing evidence that perinatal HIV infection and exposure affect salivary pH and flow rate in children in most parts of the world, but not against the background of caries and the African demographic. This study aimed to evaluate the impact of HIV infection as well as exposure on salivary properties and their influence upon the dental caries experience among school-aged children in Nigeria.

Method: This cross-sectional study assessed the salivary flow rates and salivary pH of HIV infected and exposed school-aged (4-11) children receiving care at a Nigerian tertiary hospital.

Supragingival mycobiome of HIV-exposed-but-uninfected children reflects a stronger correlation with caries-free-associated taxa compared to HIV-infected or uninfected children.

Globally, caries is among the most frequent chronic childhood disease, and the fungal component of the microbial community responsible is poorly studied despite evidence that fungi contribute to increased acid production exacerbating enamel demineralization. HIV infection is another global health crisis. Perinatal HIV exposure with infection are caries risk factors; however, the caries experience in the context of perinatal HIV exposure without infection is less clear.

Impact of HIV on the Oral Microbiome of Children Living in Sub-Saharan Africa, Determined by Using an Gene Fragment Metataxonomic Approach.

Children living with HIV have a higher prevalence of oral diseases, including caries, but the mechanisms underlying this higher prevalence are not well understood. Here, we test the hypothesis that HIV infection is associated with a more cariogenic oral microbiome, characterized by an increase in bacteria involved in the pathogenesis of caries. We present data generated from supragingival plaques collected from 484 children representing three exposure groups: (i) children living with HIV (HI), (ii) children who were perinatally exposed but uninfected (HEU), and (iii) unexposed and therefore uninfected children (HUU).

Prevalence and associated factors of enamel developmental defects among Nigerian children with perinatal HIV exposure.

To evaluate the prevalence and pattern of developmental defects of the enamel (DDE) and their risk factors among children born infected with Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) and those born to HIV-infected mothers compared with their unexposed counterparts (, children born to uninfected mothers). This was an analytic cross-sectional study evaluating the presence and pattern of distribution of DDE in three groups of school-aged children (age, 4-11 years) receiving care and treatment at a Nigerian tertiary hospital, comprising: (1) HIV-infected (HI) on antiretroviral therapy (ART) (n = 184), (2) HIV-exposed but uninfected (HEU) (n = 186) and (3) HIV-unexposed and uninfected (HUU) (n = 184). Data capture forms and questionnaires were used to record the children's medical and dental history based on clinical chart review and recall from their parents/guardians.

Age-specific associations with dental caries in HIV-infected, exposed but uninfected and HIV-unexposed uninfected children in Nigeria.

Background: HIV infection and its management confer a substantial health burden to affected individuals and have been associated with increased risk of oral and dental diseases. In this study, we sought to quantify HIV-associated differences in the prevalence and severity of dental caries in the primary and permanent dentition of 4-11-year-old Nigerian Children.

Methods: We used clinical, laboratory, demographic, and behavioral data obtained from an ongoing cohort study of age-matched HIV-infected (HI, n = 181), HIV-exposed-but-uninfected (HEU, n = 177), and HIV-unexposed-and-uninfected (HUU, n = 186) children.

Dental caries and its association with the oral microbiomes and HIV in young children-Nigeria (DOMHaIN): a cohort study.

Background: This study seeks to understand better the mechanisms underlying the increased risk of caries in HIV-infected school-aged Nigerian children by examining the relationship between the plaque microbiome and perinatal HIV infection and exposure. We also seek to investigate how perinatal HIV infection and exposure impact tooth-specific microbiomes' role on caries disease progression.

Methods: The participants in this study were children aged 4 to 11 years recruited from the University of Benin Teaching Hospital (UBTH), Nigeria, between May to November 2019.

Immune status, and not HIV infection or exposure, drives the development of the oral microbiota.

Even with antiretroviral therapy, children born to HIV-infected (HI) mothers are at a higher risk of early-life infections and morbidities including dental disease. The increased risk of dental caries in HI children suggest immune-mediated changes in oral bacterial communities, however, the impact of perinatal HIV exposure on the oral microbiota remains unclear. We hypothesized that the oral microbiota of HI and perinatally HIV-exposed-but-uninfected (HEU) children will significantly differ from HIV-unexposed-and-uninfected (HUU) children.

Perinatal HIV Infection and Exposure and Their Association With Dental Caries in Nigerian Children.

Background: Although HIV infection is associated with well-known oral pathologies, there remains a dearth of comparative studies aimed at determining the association between HIV infection/exposure and early childhood caries.

Methods: This is a cross-sectional study using a convenience sample of 3 groups of children receiving care at a tertiary care hospital in Nigeria. The groups include HIV infected (HI), HIV exposed but uninfected and HIV-unexposed and -uninfected children 6 through 72 months of age.

A prospective epidemiological study on odontogenic tumours in a black African population, with emphasis on the relative frequency of ameloblastoma.

The persistent view in the literature is that the relative frequency of ameloblastomas is higher in the black population than in Caucasians. The aim of this study was to determine the relative frequency of all odontogenic tumours (OT) in a 100% black population and to compare our findings with those of previous studies. A prospective study was undertaken of all patients presenting with OT to all 16 Nigerian departments of oral and maxillofacial surgery over a 4-year period.

Occupational exposure to sharp injuries among medical and dental house officers in Nigeria.

Objective: Sharp injuries constitute important occupational exposure in hospital environment, and perhaps the newly graduated medical and dental students, known as House Officers, in the first twelve months of their practice, are the most vulnerable of all health workers. This study was designed to examine the nature and prevalence of occupational injuries among medical and dental house officers and factors associated with reporting these injuries.

Materials And Methods: A self-administered questionnaire was used to obtain information on demography, types of exposure, and barriers to official reporting of occupational injuries.

Occupational health issues of oral health care workers in Edo State, Nigeria.

Objectives:   To assess awareness and prevalences of occupational health problems among oral health care workers in Edo State, Nigeria.

Methods:   This cross-sectional survey was conducted among oral health care workers working in two tiers of health care delivery in secondary and tertiary government-owned dental centres across Edo State from December 2008 to February 2009. A self-administered questionnaire was used to elicit information on demographic characteristics, awareness and prevalences of occupational problems, and preventive measures.

Reasons for exodontia in rural Nigerian children.

Objective: To investigate the reasons for exodontia in children attending a general dental practice in Uselu, Edo State.

Material And Methods: All pediatric patients that had extraction between January 2006 and December 2008 in a general dental practice in Uselu were recruited for this prospective survey. The data collected include age, sex, reason for extraction and tooth extracted.

A survey of orofacial injuries among basketball players.

Objective: To determine the prevalence of orofacial injuries among basketball players in Benin City, Nigeria and to survey the athletes' awareness, attitude and use of mouthguards.

Methods: A cross-sectional survey of basketball players in the standard basketball arena in Benin City was conducted between November 2009 and January 2010. A self-administered questionnaire elicited information on demography, the prevalence of oral and facial injuries, distribution of site and cause of orofacial injuries, athletes' knowledge, attitudes and usage of mouthguards.

Antenatal determinants of oro-facial clefts in Southern Nigeria.

Objectives: Cleft lip with or without cleft palate, is the most common serious congenital anomaly that affects the orofacial regions. The management and care of the cleft patient constitutes a substantial proportion of the workload of the Nigerian maxillofacial surgeon and allied specialties. Yet, there are no specific programmes targeted at this group.

Knowledge and cultural beliefs about the etiology and management of orofacial clefts in Nigeria's major ethnic groups.

Objective: To determine the knowledge and cultural beliefs about the etiology and management of orofacial clefts in Nigeria's major ethnic groups.

Design: Questionnaires designed to elicit respondents' knowledge and cultural beliefs about the etiology and management of orofacial clefts.

Setting: Northern and southern Nigerian communities where the major ethnic groups reside.

A prospective multicenter study of injury profile, severity and risk factors in 221 motorcycle-injured Nigerian maxillofacial patients.

Objective: This 12-month prospective multi-center study was designed to ascertain the entire injury profile, injury severity, and risk factors in motorcycle injured Nigerian maxillofacial patients.

Methods: With a validated investigator-administered questionnaire, we obtained data from motorcycle-injured in- and out-patients managed in the maxillofacial units of four Nigerian teaching hospitals. Standardized information on host factors, agent, and type of crash as well as location, type, and extent of injury were elicited.

The use of thromboembolic prophylaxis by surgeons: A multicentre Nigerian study.

Background: Despite the well known contributions of deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism to perioperative deaths, these major causes of morbidity and mortality appear not to be given adequate attention by surgeons in our environment.

Objective: To study the practice of thromboembolic prophylaxis among surgeons in some sub-specialties in three Nigerian tertiary institutions.

Materials And Methods: A structured questionnaire was used to collect information from consultants in the surgical sub-specialties on the use of thromboembolic prophylaxis in their practice.

Aneurysmal bone cyst: a primary or secondary lesion?

Objectives: To emphasize the origin of aneurysmal bone cyst as "primary" or "secondary" to other lesions of the jaws and 2. Report two cases of the cyst that illustrate its controversial origin in the hope that it will add to the literature on the subject in Africa.

Report: Two cases of aneurysmal bone cyst occurring in the mandible and maxilla are reported.

Gender and oral manifestations of HIV infection among adult Nigerians.

Oral manifestations were studied in 305 adult Nigerians with HIV infection. Data collected were demographic (age, sex, marital status, educational status and occupation) and clinical (mode of transmission, general manifestations and oral manifestations of HIV infection). The chi- square test was used in test for significance between variables and p values less than 0.

Malignant tumours presenting after dental extraction: a case series.

Objective: To present the clinical spectrum of malignant neoplasms detected after extraction of teeth.

Design: Retrospective study.

Setting: Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University of Benin Teaching Hospital, Nigeria.

Etiology and pattern of zygomatic complex fractures: a retrospective study.

Purpose: To document the etiology and clinical data of patients with fractures of the zygomatic complex seen in two university teaching hospitals in Nigeria and to compare the findings with other studies in the literature.

Patients And Methods: A six-year retrospective study involving 134 patients with zygomatic complex fractures. These patients were selected from a pool of 960 patients who sustained maxillofacial fractures during the period under review.

Pattern of cleft lip and palate [corrected] in Benin City, Nigeria.

Objective: To study the pattern of cleft lip and/or palate (CL/P) in Benin City, Nigeria and to compare the findings with reports from other parts of the world. The results of this study may be used to improve the welfare of affected patients.

Design: A descriptive study.