Correction: The Condition for Generous Trust.

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.

Labor union members play an OLG repeated game.

Humans are capable of cooperating with one another even when it is costly and a deviation provides an immediate gain. An important reason is that cooperation is reciprocated or rewarded and deviations are penalized in later stages. For cooperation to be sustainable, not only must rewards and penalties be strong enough but individuals should also have the right incentives to provide rewards and punishments.

Stable expression of neurogenin 1 induces LGR5, a novel stem cell marker, in an immortalized human neural stem cell line HB1.F3.

Neural stem cells (NSC) with self-renewal and multipotent properties serve as an ideal cell source for transplantation to treat spinal cord injury, stroke, and neurodegenerative diseases. To efficiently induce neuronal lineage cells from NSC for neuron replacement therapy, we should clarify the intrinsic genetic programs involved in a time- and place-specific regulation of human NSC differentiation. Recently, we established an immortalized human NSC clone HB1.

Protein microarray analysis identifies cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase as an interactor of Nogo-A.

Nogo-A, a neurite outgrowth inhibitor, is expressed exclusively on oligodendrocytes and neurons in the CNS. The central domain of Amino-Nogo spanning amino acids 567-748 in the human Nogo-A designated NIG, mediates persistent inhibition of axonal outgrowth and induces growth cone collapse by signaling through an as yet unidentified NIG receptor. We identified 82 NIG-interacting proteins by screening a high-density human protein microarray composed of 5000 proteins with a recombinant NIG protein as a probe.

Snake venom Vascular Endothelial Growth Factors (VEGF-Fs) exclusively vary their structures and functions among species.

Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF-A) and its family proteins are crucial regulators of blood vessel formation and vascular permeability. Snake venom has recently been shown to be an exogenous source of unique VEGF (known as VEGF-F), and now, two types of VEGF-F with distinct biochemical properties have been reported. Here, we show that VEGF-Fs (venom-type VEGFs) are highly variable in structure and function among species, in contrast to endogenous tissue-type VEGFs (VEGF-As) of snakes.

Gene expression profiling of human neural progenitor cells following the serum-induced astrocyte differentiation.

Neural stem cells (NSC) with self-renewal and multipotent properties could provide an ideal cell source for transplantation to treat spinal cord injury, stroke, and neurodegenerative diseases. However, the majority of transplanted NSC and neural progenitor cells (NPC) differentiate into astrocytes in vivo under pathological environments in the central nervous system, which potentially cause reactive gliosis. Because the serum is a potent inducer of astrocyte differentiation of rodent NPC in culture, we studied the effect of the serum on gene expression profile of cultured human NPC to identify the gene signature of astrocyte differentiation of human NPC.

Neuromyelitis optica/Devic's disease: gene expression profiling of brain lesions.

Neuromyelitis optica (NMO), also known as Devic's disease, is an inflammatory demyelinating disease that affects selectively the optic nerves and the spinal cord, possibly mediated by an immune mechanism distinct from that of multiple sclerosis (MS). Recent studies indicate that NMO also involves the brain. Here, we studied gene expression profile of brain lesions of a patient with NMO by using DNA microarray, along with gene expression profile of the brains of Parkinson disease and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis patients.